Landings Flashcards
What is best way to use your peripheral vision?
Moving your eyes only, not your head!
Have an aimpoint far-off in distance at end of Runway on each side!
It is ok to bleed off 5kts once below 25’ in calm conditions? true/false?
True
Your ‘over’ the fence!
What is main reference for the flare?
Look at where the Horizon intersects the side of the nose cowling
-Similar to climb PA
-Wings and Horizon= Aoa
What is a good altitude to start a flare?
10’
Go to level flight, then Tail-low touchdown
What are my priorities after touchdown?
Keep tailwheel between main gear
Keep wings level (aileron)
Stick back
Partial Flap Retraction
Keep looking outside!
In a crosswind landing should I use more aileron into wind as the speed decreases on landing rollout?
Yes
End with full aileron into wind
What helps you float?
Ground Effect
Ground is killing some induced drag at your High Aoa, by not letting wing vortices reach top of wing, i.e. more laminar flow.
When operating on backside of Drag Curve, what controls ROD?
…Power..
and Elevator controls ias via Aoa changes
What percentage of induced drag is reduced by flying at 2’?
48%
At 18’ above ground how is my induced drag reduced?
8%!
At 30’ Ground Effect vanishes…
How long should I accel in Ground effect?
Until clean at Vx or Vy
How many seconds is that?
When is ‘Spot’ landing technique most useful?
Sloping terrain
visual illusions
Short Field Ops
What are components of a ‘Spot’ Landing technique?
Constant ias
Constant aimpoint
Use throttle to control aimpoint
What is the difference between Vapp and over the Fence?
about 5 kts less
1.25 Vs to 1.15 Vs
under stable conditions
+1/2 Gusts when present!
What is the range of acceptable approach Paths?
F3 slope 3-5deg
F4 slope 2-4deg
60kts and 6deg gives XX Rod
600ft per nm
60kts is 1nm per min
600 FPM
60kts and 2deg gives XX Rod
200fpm
At 60kts groundspeed your ROD in FPM= ?
Glideslope Angle
Due to 1/60 Rule
What does my GroundspeedX5 as a ROD give?
3 deg path
What does my GrounspeedX8 as a ROD give?
=4.5deg slope, which is close to a max elevator authority flare at 1.2Vs to avoid a hard landing.
Post it note 1” above Dash is helpful as…
Aimpoint! That will be a higher PA than cruise flight, any corrections in 1/2” increments only!
Where do you put your aimpoint on short Runways?
100’ prior to Rwy (i.e. desired touchdown point) Always plan to land 100’ past aimpoint, be consistent!
What is acceptable size of my Touchdown box?
Minus 0 & +200’
When doint a short-field landing, additional briefing item?
Select a Go-Around Point
Point after which safe landing is not assured!
How much runway do I probably need beyond my touchdown point?
500’
Pitch vs. Power?
Controversy…
What controls IAS?
Pitch for ias
Power for Glide Path
When ias < L/D max <75kts
What three energy sources do I manage?
Kinetic, Potential, and Chemical
ias, alt, fuel
When you power back on approach what happens to your Pitch attitude?
Nose falls because your trimmed to an ias!
So powering back will increase your ROD when aimpoint is drifting high!
True or False? Power changes ROD on final approach?
True, Power changes will adjust my flight path with regards to aimpoint deviations.
What does using an aimpoint on surface for Pattern entry allow?
Descent to Pattern altitude prior to Pattern entry
When do you know you’ll cross a ridge?
90kts stable and ridge line is dissappearing under your nose!
Can you use the Aimpoint technique (maybe with Flaps as well) to cloud break through a small vmc hole?
Yes
What is good over the Fence Target Speed?
1.2 Vso
In calm conditions
Why must longitudinal axis be II with the movement of the airplane?
To no create a moment force that pivots the aircraft!
True or False? When the inertia of the directional of travel II the direction of motion there is a swerve Tendency?
False
So always eliminate sideward drift and or mis-alignement on landing.
True or False? Divergent centrifugal forces tend to accellerate?
True
Nip them in the Bud!
What is the kinetic energy formula?
1/2MassVelocity square
Landing fast increases likelyhood of ground loop!
What factors unrelated to the pilot can swerve an aircraft?
Uneven terrain
Bumps
Holes
Cracks
Snow Ridges
Will a taildragger minimize a develloping swerve?
As taildraggers are unstable in yaw, they will always make any yaw deviations worse unless corrected promptly.
Three likely damaged areas during a ground loop? Mags off…
Wing tip
Collapsed Gear
Prop Strike
What’s the logical limit of a Tail first landings?
Main wheels must be less than 10” off the ground, or too large a smashing motion and bounce
Why do we raise some flap after landing?
Without going heads-down? Improves WOW, better tailwheel steering and more effective Braking.
Advantages of Three-Point Landing?
Minimum Kinetic Ek
Prevents Bounce
Advantages of Tail low Landing?
Seeing better over Cowling
Save my Tailwheel
More WOW for braking
Disadvantages of a Three-Point Landing?
- Your are more exposed to Crosswinds and Gusts
- Poor Vis over the Nose
- Likely bounce if speed not dissipated prior to touchdown.
Can be a Tail Low or Tail High Landing ?
Yes
Advantages of Wheel landing?
1.Better control response to counter drift
2. Easier to Go-Around
3. Better Vis
4. More weight on wheels
What Consideration for downind checks if landing above 3000’ msl?
Don’t put mixture full rich
What caution is there when braking following a wheel landing?
Aggressive braking can flip taildragger on its back.
When do you begin to flare?
15’
What’s highest you should be in level flight for a wheel landing pre-touch?
4’
Then be patient Lda permitting or GA
Disadvantages of a wheel landing?
- Greater potential for flipping over on SOFT field.
- More energy to dissipate over longer period of time.
- More chances of swerves on landing rollout.
- Requires some recency to minimize ROD.
Do I use same approach speeds for both three point or Wheel landings?
Yes
What speed should I be flying over the Fence in Gusty conditions?
1.2 Vso and half the gust factor until touchdown.
Three differences in flare between three-point and wheel?
1.Final Pitch attitude
2.Power (carry some for wheel landings)
3.Stick fwd to pin vs. stick back
Which landing style has the higher touchdown speed?
Wheel
What is issue with allowing tail down touch, vs. nudging stick forward after touchdown on wheels?
The Lowering tail increases aoa and sends aircraft flying again…
We must use extra caution if braking when tail is not down…
Yes
What is the weak point from a control perspective on landing rollout?
Tail-up loss of rudder effectiveness…need transtion to Tail down and use Tailwheel steering while rudder remains effective (in relative wind).
Once you decide to lower the tail, whats important?
Stick in your gutt, until the prop is stopped!
Good flying manoeuver for the landing sight picture?
Fly level inches above runway for entire 9000’ without touching!
Soft-field landing used for?
Slush & Snow
Soft Fields
Rough Fields
True or False a long shallow slow approach is desired for a Soft-Field?
False
Normal speeds and approach, only difference is in the Flare (3 point with a bit of power…)
Why should you only apply flaps while wings level?
- Additional stress of G-forces
- Much easier to control a sudden Split-Flap condition in level-flight.
What todo after touchdown during a Soft-field Landing?
- Power Idle
- Stick full aft
- Retract Flaps
True or False: Never come to a complete stop on a soft surface?
True
What does a 50’ tree do at the end of the Runway
Makes a portion of runway unusable.
Why you don’t fly an approach at 1.1 Vso?
Safety margins
Gusts
Windshear
Flare capability
30 deg turn in Pattern increase stall speed by?
7.5% due to load factor of 1.15g
What happens to my elevator authority as I flare?
Elevator authority reduces with every knot flow slower, so I need more elevator to maintain same Pitch attitude…
What to do if aircraft is slow and there is a lack of Elevator effectiveness?
Add power…
1. Prop Wash helps elevator effectiveness
2. Power helps decrease sink rate…helps cushions Landing
What is ratio of actual speed to my target speed as it affects touchdown distance?
Speed effects are Squared!
5kts more on app is 21% longer landing!
Landing at 70kts instead of 50kts increases landing distance by?
96%
Double the landing distance…
Landing distance is directly affected by TAS, so when is that important?
At higher elevations!
Two components of a short field landing?
Spot landing
On Speed
Which method is preferred after clearing 50’ Trees? Chop power & Slip or 4.5 deg slope all the way?
4.5deg slope!
When land long and cannot overshoot?
Don’t force it on…
Retract flaps (while floating), brake and avoid obstacles!
What can we do if we are fast over the Fence?
Forward slip, from 40’ onwards until the flare 10’, Land II to motion!
In crosswind when do you transition from Crab to Wing low?
150’ (double tree-top)
If aircraft cannot maintain a centered and stable longitudinal axis on centerline in crosswind at 20’, what does that mean?
Crosswinds are too strong!
Runway alignement is the only safe way to land!
Always determine your rejected landing point for the runway…
Point where you must go around as you can no longer stop
Highest occurence of Midair collisions
On Final approach
What is your wind correction if winds are 10G20kts?
Add 5kts all the way-in
How to recover from a Small bounce?
Keep it straight, add a bit of power and set proper flare attitude
How to recover from a Porpoise?
Go-Around, you’ve entered a Pio (with elevator) there is only one solution prior to a Prop Strike!
How to recover from a good bounce or large balloon?
Go-Around
Some Additional reasons for a post-landing swerve (ground loop)…
Careless use of Rudder
Flat Tire
Brake Failure
Uneven Ground
Soft spot decell 1-wheel more
Centrifugal forces around the CofG increase by the xx of speed it begins
Square of speed, acting through CofG located behind the main gear!
What determines amount of damage occuring in a Ground loop?
Speed of entry (worse if >20kts)
Type of Surface
Mags off…
True or False? At 10kts the aircraft can swap ends in the blink of eye?
True
What damage can be expected following a ground loop at 30kts or more?
Sideloads collapses gear, induces a Prop strike, ending with wing spar damage via wingtip impact.
High Speed incipient Ground Loop I.A.?
Full Power
Raise Tail (gets CofG forward onto Wheels)
Rudder & Brake
Full Stick to same side as Swerve
Nose going left then stick left
(Try ‘not’ to overdo it…)
Which wingtip will hit during a ground loop?
The outside wingtip
At medium speed you put stick into the turn keep wings level
But at lower speed…you put aileron towards lower wing, just adding drag to slow it down!
What different consideration do you have when a swerve begins (pending ground loop) on landing rollout ‘but’ you think things remain recoverable ?
-Differential Braking
-Add power
-Ailerons to keep wings level
What is the Main difference between a Forward slip and a Sideslip?
Placement of my longitudinal axis
Sideslip
Straight ahead for a landing
vs.
Forward slip
A/c fuselage Sideways for added drag
What are two main characteristics of a Forward Slip?
Nose offset to the side
Aircraft flight path tracking straight ahead
To lose Ek or speed
Cannot land in a forward slip!
What are the two main characteristics of a sideslip?
Nose Straight ahead, but flight path drifting sideways!
Used during crosswind Landing of a Bearhawk
What is a usefuel Sideslip exercise?
Flying a 50’ low approach, going from Left to Right sides of the Runway, keeping nose pointed forward down Runway entire time.
Doing a Forward slip, which direction is it preferable to bank?
Aileron into a crosswind
True or False? In a Forward slip, the more you bank, the more you need to lower the nose?
True
But don’t accelerate too much either, remember manoeuvre creates some ias position error due to fuselage blanking dynamic airflow.
Which is better slip or skid?
Slip
Skid have no utility in aviation
Why can a Skid kill you, but slip cannot?
Stalling from slip will always bring wings level, but stalling from a skid will flip you on your back as lowest wing stalls first!
Which way is ball in a skid?
To the outside of the turn…
Too much rudder
Which way is the ball if the aircraft is in a Slip?
To the inside of the turn, a very useful manoeuver to create drag without increasing ias (lose excess energy)
How much Altitude do you need to recover from a Spin?
600’ agl or R.I.P.
Can a Skid be useful?
NEVER, just dangerous
What is a sideslip really doing?
Moving the aircraft laterally!
Input ailerons prior to rudder…if you do opposite the resultant roll caused by my rudder input will be the wrong way!
Un-coordinated flight means less lift created by wing along with more profile drag created by the fuselage.
If you cannot maintain the aircrafts longitudinal axis parrallel to Rwy centerline by using an aggressive sideslip below 100’agl, what does that imply?
Winds are out of crosswind limits
Go-Around
Only slip enough to stay on centerline, don’t overdo it and end-up upwind, or having my longitudinal axis out of whack!
Monitor inputs as necessary, don’t fly mechanically, fly what got, make whatever necessary input to get correct sight picture
What technique is useful in Gusty crosswinds?
Keep adjusting Ailerons to regain centerline and Rudder to align my a/c longitudinal axis II to Rwy centreline
Common error during sideslip is to relax my aileron input…
Keep ailerons into wind, assuming you’re back on centerline.
Will I need more power on approach during a sideslip?
True
Good reasons to use flap during a crosswind landing?
Touching down at a lower speed (so…easier to stop a swerve)
Consider Flap-3 landing
Centrifugal force increases with ___ of touchdown speed
Square
i.e. bigger swerves
Can I do Full-Fap slips in my BH?
Yes
In the flare during a crosswind what control inputs will likely need to be increased as you get slower?
Rudder and Aileron
True or False? Never land wings level in a crosswind?
True
Upwind wheel 1st or you’ll skip…
When should you lower the tail during a crosswind wheel landing?
Asap..but without causing a bounce (going airborne again), you want that tailwheel steering going on asap!
Is it worth Retracting flaps F4-F1 after touchdown?
Yes…you want WOW!
Less so at Vr
What error can occur with regards to ailerons on landing rollout in a crosswind?
Putting full aileron into wind, too soon!
Best way to deal with crosswind is to do a wheel landing with Flaps 2, but?
Way more chance of a ground loop due to increased speed…
True or False, never allow the tail to settle during a crosswind landing?
True, tail should be lowered as soon as you can without becoming airborne again.
What control remains when Tailwheel is up and Rudder is ineffective?
Differential Braking
Can occur while your lowering the tail…
Get out of Pio Pumping for-aft landing ASAP!
Cannot fix this…
What trim setting is recommended for wheel landings?
A bit of nose down trim
