RNA: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Question 0

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is caused by

Answer 0

Neisseria gonnorhea & Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 1

Infectious and inflammatory disorder of the upper female genital tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes and adjacent pelvic structures. It is sexually transmitted.

Answer 1

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Question 2

Diagnosis of PID is clinically based on

Answer 2

History & Physical examination

Question 3

Purulent _______ discharge is highly suggested. _____________ is almost always present.

Answer 3

Cervical. Cervical motion tenderness.m

Question 4

Inhibits DNA gyrase

Answer 4

Quinolone

Question 5

Enzymes that assist in formation of superhelices and regulate the breaking and regulate the breaking and rejoining of the DNA chain.

Answer 5

DNA topoisomerases

Question 6

Usually bacteriocidal against susceptible organisms and exhibit postantibiotic effect.

Answer 6

Fluoroquinolones

Question 7

Fluoroquinolones interfere with bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting ________ in gram negative organisms. Blocks relaxation of supercoiled DNA.

Answer 7

Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase)

Question 8

Fluoroquinolones interfere with bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting __________ in gram positive organisms. Interferes with the separation of replicated chromosomal DNA during cell division.

Answer 8

Topoisomerase IV

Question 9

Resistance of Fluoroquinolones: decreased __________ accumulation of the drug via the production of efflux pumps.

Answer 9

Intracellular

Question 10

Resistance of Fluoroquinolones: changes in _______ structure.

Answer 10

Porin

Question 11

Resistance of Fluoroquinolones: changes in the _______ of the target enzymes via point mutations in the __________.

Answer 11

Sensitivity. Antibiotic binding regions.

Question 12

Antimicrobial spectrum of Fluoroquinolones: 1st generation. ___________.

Answer 12

Urinary tract infection

Question 13

Antimicrobial spectrum of Fluoroquinolones: 2nd generation. Gram ______, gonococci, gram positive cocci and ________.

Answer 13

Negative. Mycoplasma.

Question 14

Antimicrobial spectrum of Fluoroquinolones: 3rd generation. _____ gram negative and _____ gram positive activity, streptococci and enterococci.

Answer 14

Less. More.

Question 15

Antimicrobial spectrum of Fluoroquinolones: 4th generation. _______ spectrum. Including __________. With increasing generation, increasing gram positive activity. Unlike ________ where increasing generation leads to gram negative activity.

Answer 15

Broad. Anaerobes. Cephalosporins.

Question 16

Inhibits DNA replication by binding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Bactericidal.

Answer 16

Ciprofloxacin

Question 17

Fluoroquinolones hurt attachment to your _______.

Answer 17

Bones (cartilage damage)

Question 18

Problem with DNA Supercoils: as the two strands of the double helix are separated, a problem is encountered, namely, the appearance of _________ (also called ________) in the region of DNA ahead of the replication fork. The accumulating __________ interfere with further unwinding of the double helix.

Answer 18

Positive supercoils. Supertwists. PS.

Question 19

If the cord is twisted in the direction of tightening the coils, the cord will wrap around itself in space to form

Answer 19

Positive supercoils

Question 20

If the cord is twisted in the direction of loosening the coils, the cord will wrap around itself in the opposite direction to form

Answer 20

Negative supercoils

Question 21

Responsible for removing supercoils in the helix

Answer 21

DNA Topoisomerases

Question 22

These enzymes reversibly cut one strand of the double helix. They both have nuclease and ligase activities. They do not require ATP, but rather appear to store the energy from the __________ they cleave, reusing the energy to reseal the strand.

Answer 22

DNA Topoisomerase I. Phosphodiester bond.

Question 23

Strand cutting

Answer 23

Nuclease

Question 24

Strand releasing

Answer 24

Ligase

Question 25

Relax negative supercoils in E. Coli, and both negative and positive supercoils in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 25

Type I topoisomerases

Question 26

These enzymes bind tightly to the DNA double helix and make transient breaks in both strands. The enzyme then causes a second stretch of the DNA double helix to pass through the breaks and finally releases the break. As a result,both negative and positive supeprcoils can be relieved this ATP requiring process.

Answer 26

DNA Topoisomerase II

Question 27

Are also required in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes for the separation of interlocked molecules of DNA following chromosomal replication.

Answer 27

Type II DNA

Question 28

Type II topoisomerase found in bacteria found in bacteria and plants, has the unusual property of being able to introduce negative supercoils into relaxed circular DNA using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

Answer 28

DNA gyrase

Question 29

DNA Topoisomerase II facilitates the future replication of DNA because the __________ neutralizes the __________ introduced during opening of the double helix. It also aids in the transient strand separation required during transcription.

Answer 29

Negative supercoils. Positive supercoils

Question 30

Is a unique target of a group of antimicrobial agents called quinolones for example ciprox.

Answer 30

Bacterial DNA gyrase

Question 31

Eukaryotic DNA is associated with tightly bound basic proteins which serve to order the DNA into basic structural units, called _______, that resemble beads on a string.

Answer 31

Histones. Nucleosomes.

Question 32

The complex of DNA and protein found inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells is called

Answer 32

Chromatin

Question 33

These small proteins are positively charged at physiologic pH as a result of their higher content of ________ & _________. Because of their ________, they form ionic bonds with negatively charged DNA.

Answer 33

Argine & Lysine. Positively charged.

Question 34

Help neutralize the negatively charged DNA phosphate groups.

Answer 34

Histones & Magnesium

Question 35

Target bacterial DNA gyrase

Answer 35

Quinolone

Question 36

Supercoiling is controlled by __________ which later the topology of the circular DNA but not its covalent structure.

Answer 36

Topoisomerases

Question 37

Change DNA by creating double break strands in DNA

Answer 37

Type II topoisomerase

Question 38

Relax DNA from negative supercoils formed

Answer 38

Type I topoisomerase

Question 39

Are abundant proteins associated with eukaryotic DNA and are a family of basic proteins rich in the positively charged AAs lysine and arginine w/c interact with the negative charges of DNA.

Answer 39

Histones