RNA: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Flashcards
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is caused by
Neisseria gonnorhea & Chlamydia trachomatis
Infectious and inflammatory disorder of the upper female genital tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes and adjacent pelvic structures. It is sexually transmitted.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Diagnosis of PID is clinically based on
History & Physical examination
Purulent _______ discharge is highly suggested. _____________ is almost always present.
Cervical. Cervical motion tenderness.m
Inhibits DNA gyrase
Quinolone
Enzymes that assist in formation of superhelices and regulate the breaking and regulate the breaking and rejoining of the DNA chain.
DNA topoisomerases
Usually bacteriocidal against susceptible organisms and exhibit postantibiotic effect.
Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones interfere with bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting ________ in gram negative organisms. Blocks relaxation of supercoiled DNA.
Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase)
Fluoroquinolones interfere with bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting __________ in gram positive organisms. Interferes with the separation of replicated chromosomal DNA during cell division.
Topoisomerase IV
Resistance of Fluoroquinolones: decreased __________ accumulation of the drug via the production of efflux pumps.
Intracellular
Resistance of Fluoroquinolones: changes in _______ structure.
Porin
Resistance of Fluoroquinolones: changes in the _______ of the target enzymes via point mutations in the __________.
Sensitivity. Antibiotic binding regions.
Antimicrobial spectrum of Fluoroquinolones: 1st generation. ___________.
Urinary tract infection
Antimicrobial spectrum of Fluoroquinolones: 2nd generation. Gram ______, gonococci, gram positive cocci and ________.
Negative. Mycoplasma.
Antimicrobial spectrum of Fluoroquinolones: 3rd generation. _____ gram negative and _____ gram positive activity, streptococci and enterococci.
Less. More.
Antimicrobial spectrum of Fluoroquinolones: 4th generation. _______ spectrum. Including __________. With increasing generation, increasing gram positive activity. Unlike ________ where increasing generation leads to gram negative activity.
Broad. Anaerobes. Cephalosporins.
Inhibits DNA replication by binding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Bactericidal.
Ciprofloxacin
Fluoroquinolones hurt attachment to your _______.
Bones (cartilage damage)
Problem with DNA Supercoils: as the two strands of the double helix are separated, a problem is encountered, namely, the appearance of _________ (also called ________) in the region of DNA ahead of the replication fork. The accumulating __________ interfere with further unwinding of the double helix.
Positive supercoils. Supertwists. PS.
If the cord is twisted in the direction of tightening the coils, the cord will wrap around itself in space to form
Positive supercoils
If the cord is twisted in the direction of loosening the coils, the cord will wrap around itself in the opposite direction to form
Negative supercoils
Responsible for removing supercoils in the helix
DNA Topoisomerases
These enzymes reversibly cut one strand of the double helix. They both have nuclease and ligase activities. They do not require ATP, but rather appear to store the energy from the __________ they cleave, reusing the energy to reseal the strand.
DNA Topoisomerase I. Phosphodiester bond.
Strand cutting
Nuclease
Strand releasing
Ligase
Relax negative supercoils in E. Coli, and both negative and positive supercoils in eukaryotic cells.
Type I topoisomerases
These enzymes bind tightly to the DNA double helix and make transient breaks in both strands. The enzyme then causes a second stretch of the DNA double helix to pass through the breaks and finally releases the break. As a result,both negative and positive supeprcoils can be relieved this ATP requiring process.
DNA Topoisomerase II
Are also required in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes for the separation of interlocked molecules of DNA following chromosomal replication.
Type II DNA
Type II topoisomerase found in bacteria found in bacteria and plants, has the unusual property of being able to introduce negative supercoils into relaxed circular DNA using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.
DNA gyrase
DNA Topoisomerase II facilitates the future replication of DNA because the __________ neutralizes the __________ introduced during opening of the double helix. It also aids in the transient strand separation required during transcription.
Negative supercoils. Positive supercoils
Is a unique target of a group of antimicrobial agents called quinolones for example ciprox.
Bacterial DNA gyrase
Eukaryotic DNA is associated with tightly bound basic proteins which serve to order the DNA into basic structural units, called _______, that resemble beads on a string.
Histones. Nucleosomes.
The complex of DNA and protein found inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells is called
Chromatin
These small proteins are positively charged at physiologic pH as a result of their higher content of ________ & _________. Because of their ________, they form ionic bonds with negatively charged DNA.
Argine & Lysine. Positively charged.
Help neutralize the negatively charged DNA phosphate groups.
Histones & Magnesium
Target bacterial DNA gyrase
Quinolone
Supercoiling is controlled by __________ which later the topology of the circular DNA but not its covalent structure.
Topoisomerases
Change DNA by creating double break strands in DNA
Type II topoisomerase
Relax DNA from negative supercoils formed
Type I topoisomerase
Are abundant proteins associated with eukaryotic DNA and are a family of basic proteins rich in the positively charged AAs lysine and arginine w/c interact with the negative charges of DNA.
Histones
