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Biochemistry > RNA: Cancer > Flashcards

RNA: Cancer Flashcards

0
Q

A mass of tissue. The growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change.

A

Cancer

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1
Q

Study of cancer

A

Oncology

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2
Q

Proposed with remarkable foresight that cancer cells developed from normal cells during division and then spread by the blood or lymph to other sites in the body.

A

Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer-Hartz

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3
Q

Is one of the major causes of death in developed countries and increasingly so in developing countries. At least one person in three developed countries will develop this.

A

Cancer

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4
Q

The incidence of cancer increases with ____, particularly about _____.

A

Age. 45 years.m

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5
Q

Is a disease characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of cells that produces a tumour, from which the cells can invade local tissues and then spread to give rise to metastases.

A

Cancer

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6
Q

The most common cancer classification. Arise is epithelial cells.

A

Carcinomas

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7
Q

Cancer that are from connective tissue (bone & cartilage)

A

Sarcomas

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8
Q

Cancers that are from white blood cells

A

Leukemias & Lymphomas

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9
Q

Cancer Classification

A

Carcinoma, Sarcoma & Leukemia

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10
Q

Cancer according to Age: Embryonic tumors

A

Neuroblastoma & Wilm’s tumor

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11
Q

Cancer according to Age: tumors found mainly in the young

A

Bone, Testis & Leukemias “BTL”

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12
Q

Cancer according to Age: Tumors that appear frequently in middle and old age

A

Bladder, Breast, Colon, Skin & Prostate

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13
Q

Both benign and malignant tumors develop from uncontrolled

A

Proliferation

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14
Q

Tumor remains confined to the site of origin

A

Benign tumor

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15
Q

Cell invades and destroys adjacent tissues and then escapes into the circulatory system, within which it travels to distant tissues where it produces secondary tumors (metastases)

A

Malignant tumor

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16
Q

Benign tumors can be removed by _______ or destroyed by _______ but this is not the case for malignant tumors. Uncontrolled growth therefore is not necessarily a major problem unless it interferes with the function of the tissue or organ.

A

Surgery. Radiation.

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17
Q

The sequence of events that occurs in the proliferation of individual cells is known as the

A

Cell cycle

18
Q

Which controls progression through the cycle so that once the cell passes this, it is committed to divide

A

G1

19
Q

In which DNA is synthesized and the original DNA duplicated

A

S phase

20
Q

In which the chromosomes separate and move to the two ends of the cell

A

G2

21
Q

In which the cell divides to produce two daughter cells. When regulation of the cycle fails, a ______ of tissue is produced.

A

M phase. Mass.

22
Q

Continually renewing

A

Tissue

23
Q

The tissue contain cells that proliferate continually to replace those that die or lost (skin, intestine and bone marrow). These cells are known as ________.

A

Continually renewing. Stem cells.

24
Q

The tissue contains cells (stem cells) that can be stimulated to proliferate in response to an appropriate signal (liver after injury & lymphocytes during infection)

A

Conditionally renewing

25
Q

The cells in the tissue never proliferate (nerve & muscle)

A

Non-renewing

26
Q

Most primary tumors arise in __________ tissues. Often ________.

A

Continually renewing. Epithelium.

27
Q

Give Oncogene & Product: binds to receptor to initiate a signal transduction process.

A

Sis. Growth factor.

28
Q

Give Oncogene & Product: binds with a growth factor to produce an overactive growth factor receptor complex.

A

Erb-B. Growth factor receptor.

29
Q

Give Oncogene & Product: monomeric G protein with very low GTPase activity, which maintains the protein in the active site.

A

Ras. Signal transduction factors.

30
Q

Give Oncogene & Product: both associate to produce a complex that acts as transcription factor. The activity of which is greater than each individual factor.

A

Jan & Fos. Transcription factor.

31
Q

Give Oncogene & Product: A transcription factor that increases concentrations of the enzymes required for S phase of cell cycle, so the DNA synthesis can proceed without any limitation in precursor concentrations.

A

Myc. Transcription factor.

32
Q

The protein p21 can be induced by _____ independent factors, including drugs known as ________.

A

P53. Statins.

33
Q

Used to lower blood cholesterol by inhibition of its synthesis via the enzyme ___________.

A

Statins. HMG-CoA reductase.

34
Q

Damaged DNA activates a __________ which phosphorylates and hence stabilizes _____ which stimulate transcription of the p21 gene which expresses a protein that arrests the cycle. _____.

A

Protein kinase. P53. CDK (cell cycle division kinase)

35
Q

Binds to the trancription factor, which forms a complex in which the transcription factor for three genes is inactive.

A

Rb protein

36
Q

__________ of Rb by a cell division cycle kinase results in dissociation of transcription factor from the complex and hence activation.

A

Phosphorylation

37
Q

Are sequence of six nucleotide repeats found at the ends of the chromosomal DNA strands.

A

Telomeres

38
Q

Telomeres & Telomerase in tumor cells: Many thousands of repeat units (TTAGGG) may be present at the end of the ________ and (AATCCC) at the end of the _______. These are present at the ends of the strands to overcome a problem posed by the semi conservative mechanism of DNA replication, known as the ____________.

A

3’ strand. 5’ strand. The end replication problem.

39
Q

Telomeres & Telomerase in tumor cells: Replication of the ends of the chromosomes presents particular difficulties, since ___________ can only elongate a pre-existing DNA strand (it cannot initiate DNA synthesis) and can only polymerize DNA in one direction. (5’ to 3’)

A

DNA Polymerase

40
Q

Telomeres & Telomerase in tumor cells: Since there is no ___________ from which yo synthesize primers at the ends of the DNA molecule, up to 200 base pairs of DNA would be lost at each cell division.

A

Complementary strand

41
Q

Telomeres & Telomerase in tumor cells: To overcome this problem, a special mechanism exists to prevent chromosomal ________ with each round of DNA replication. The mechanism involves the activity of an enzyme, __________, which adds on repetitive nucleotides to maintain the length of the telomeres on the newly synthesized daughter DNA strands.

A

Shortening. Telomerase.

42
Q

In a normal cell, telomere length is gradually lost during cell ________ and, when it is completely cost and then coding sequences are lost, the cell dies via ________. This process implicated in aging and normal death of cells with age.

A

Replication. Apoptosis.

43
Q

Have an enhanced activity of telomerase which maintains the length of the telomeres which contributes to their evasion of normal apoptopic mechanisms.

A

Tumour cells

Biochemistry (20 decks)

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