RNA: HIV Flashcards
Infects only human beings. Immunodeficiency virus weakens the immune system and increases the risk of infection. Virus that attacks the body. Acquired, not inherited. Creates a deficiency of _________ in the immune system. Syndrome or a group of illness taking place at the same time.
HIV & AIDS. CD4+ cells.
HIV affects cells of the immune system called
CD4 or T cells
HIV infection leads to
AIDS
From chimpanzees in west africa most likely was transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meet and came into contact with their infected blood.m
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Family retroviridae. Subfamily is lentivirus.
HIV
HIV 1: ________. Pan troglodytes.
Chimpanzee
HIV 2: __________, more released to SIV 2.
Sootey mangabeys
Converts single-stranded RNA viral genome into double stranded viral DNA.
Reverse Transcriptase
Is a single stranded RNA virus that has Reverse Transcriptase
Retroviridae
In HIV, the genetic material is
RNA
In the _________, reverse transcription occurs through the enzyme __________ to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus _______ (backwards)
Cytoplasm. Reverse Transcriptase. Retro.
This new DNA is then incorporated into the host cell genome by an ________ enzyme, at which point the retroviral DNA is referred to as a _________.
Integrase. Provirus.
__________ them treat the viral DNA as part of its own genome, translating and transcribing the viral genes along with the cell’s own genes, producing the proteins required to assemble new copies of the virus.
Host cell
Contains enhancer and promoter regions of HIV
Long Terminal Repeat (LTR)
Encodes structural proteins which help in packaging RNA of the virus to generate new virus particles
Gag
Encodes reverse transcriptase and integrase
Pol gene
Codes for envelope proteins, along with the host plasma membrane complete the virus particles that buds off from the cell.
Env
Regulatory proteins which affect viral transcription output
Nef, Tat, and Rev
Responsible for switching early to late HIV gene located in the 3’ end of env gene.
Regulator of Viral gene expression (Rev)
Binding and fusion: _______ binds to ______ on helper T lymphocytes. Viral coat fuses with the lymphocyte membrane releasing viral RNA and protein into _______.
Virion. CD4 receptors. Cytosol.
RNA genome is reversely transcribed into a double stranded DNA by using _________, 2 strands of DNA is formed and transported into the nucleus.
Reverse Transcription. Reverse Transcriptase.
Integration: catalyzes the insertion of viral DNA into the host genome to establish infection.
Integrase
Transcription: produces large amount of viral RNA
Transcription of viral DNA
Assembly and Building: packaged in a ________ and buds out of the plasma membrane.
Capsid
Within 2-4 weeks, many experience flu-like symptoms, often described as the “worst flu ever” also known as __________ or primary HIV infection.
Early stage. Acute Retroviral Syndrome.
Detection of __________, antibodies to HIV 1 & HIV 2 in human serum, plasma and venous or fingerstick whole blood specimens.
HIV-1 p24 Antigen
Is the first FDA-approved test that independently distinguishes results for HIV-1 p24 antigen and HIV antibodies in a single test.
HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo test
Is helpful in closing the window period ( time between HIV infection and appearance of antibodies to HIV)
HIV antigen-antibody combination assay
People who are infected with HIV experience no HIV-related symptoms, or only to mild ones. Asymptomatic HIV infection or Chronic HIV infection.
Clinical Latency Stage
Terminates elongation process. Precent acute infection of susceptible cells.
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Binds to activate site induces conformational change and inhibiting enzyme function. Easily metabolized by ________ system and prone to drug interaction.
Nonnucleoside inhibitors. cytoP450
Inhibits HIV protease which activates precursors of gag-pol. Binds to the active site of HIV protease and blocks viral maturation.
Protease Inhibitors
2 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and 1 Protease Inhibitors
HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy)
He survived HIV and was treated successfully
Timothy Brown
14 HIV positive people treated with HIV drugs even after seven years of therapy, were still showing no signs of the virus rebounding.
Visconti patients
Functional cure of HIV positive baby who received an antoretroviral treatment for 18months from the day she was born. At age 2, virus appeared to have stopped replicating and spreading.
Mississippi baby
