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Biochemistry > Endo: Diversity Of Endocrine Hormones > Flashcards

Endo: Diversity Of Endocrine Hormones Flashcards

0
Q

Hormones are chemical non-nutrient, intercellular messenger that is effective at micromolar concentrations or less (high efficiency)

A

Broader definition

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1
Q

Hormones are chemical substances produced by specialized tissues and secreted into blood, in which they are carried to target organs and triggers specific biologic functions. And by whom?

A

Classical definition. Starling and Bayliss

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2
Q

Communicates to adjacent tissue by local chemical release (neurotransmitter)

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

Communicates to distant tissues through blood-carried chemicals.

A

Endocrine system

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4
Q

Acts through chemical messengers(hormones) carried in the circulation by secretion into blood and extracellular fluid.

A

Endocrine system

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5
Q

Cell must bear a _______ for the secreted hormones to respond.

A

Receptor

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6
Q

Hormones can be classified according to

A

Chemical composition, Solubility properties, Location of receptors & Nature of signal used to mediate hormonal action

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7
Q

These are lipophilic, has transport proteins, long plasma half life (hours to days), mediated intracellularly and contains receptor hormone complex

A

Calcitriol, Retinoids, Iodothyronines & Steroids “CRIS”

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8
Q

These are hydrophobic, no transport proteins, short plasma half life (minutes), mediated by plasma membrane and receptors are cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+, metabolites of complex phosphomositols & kinase cascades

A

Polypeptides, Proteins, Glycoproteins & Catecholamines “PaPa GC”

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9
Q

Hormone synthesize in thyroid

A

Triiodothyronine

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10
Q

Hormones synthesized in Adrenal

A

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

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11
Q

Hormones synthesized in the Pituitary

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, Prolactin & TSH “FLAG PT”

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12
Q

Hormone produced in specialized cells of the Small Intestine

A

Glucagon-like peptide

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13
Q

Hormone produced in specialized cells of the thyroid

A

Calcitonin

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14
Q

Hormone produced in specialized cells of the kidney

A

Angiotensin

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15
Q

Synthesis of some hormones requires the ___________ of more than one organ

A

Parenchymal cells

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16
Q

These organs are required for the production of 1,25(OH)2-D3 or calcitriol

A

Skin, liver & kidney

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17
Q

Hormones usually affects only _______. Responds to a hormone because it bears receptors.

A

Target cells

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18
Q

Hormones can change its target cells by. (Transmit the information gained from binding to the hormone into a cellular response)

A

Activation of enzymes & Modulation of gene expression “A.M”

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19
Q

Hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells

A

Endocrine

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20
Q

Hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood

A

Paracrine

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21
Q

Hormone acts on the same cell that produced it

A

Autocrine

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22
Q

Secreted by cells in a locl area and influences the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted. Give an example.

A

Autocrine. Prostaglandin.

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23
Q

Produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into tissue spaces; has a localized effect on adjacent cells. Give an example.

A

Paracrine. Prostaglandin & Histamine.

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24
Q

Secreted in the blood by specialized cells; travels by the blood to target tissues. Give an example.

A

Hormone. Thyroxine & Insulin.

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25
Q

Produced by neurons and functions like hormones. Give an example.

A

Neurohormone. Oxytocin & ADH.

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26
Q

Produced by neurons and secreted into extracellular spaces by nerve terminals; travels short distances, influences postsynaptic cells or effector cells. Give an example.

A

Neurotransmitter. ACH & Nor Epi

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27
Q

Location of receptor. Generation of second messenger which alter the activity of other molecules usually enzymes within the cell. Water soluble. Ex: proteins & peptides, catecholamines & eicosanoids

A

Cell surface receptors (plasma membrane)

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28
Q

Location of receptor. Alter transcriptional activity of responsive genes. Lipid soluble. Ex: steroid & thyroid hormones

A

Intracellular receptors (cytoplasm, nucleus)

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29
Q

Number of domains of Integral membrane proteins

A

Three

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30
Q

A domain in which residues exposed to the outside of the cell interact with and bind the hormone (ligand-binding domain)

A

Extracellular domain

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31
Q

A domain in which hydrophobic stretches of amino acids in the
Iipid bilayer that anchor the receptor in the membrane

A

Transmembrane domain

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32
Q

A domain in which tails or loops of the receptor within the cytoplasm interact with other molecules to generate second messengers and transduction of the hormonal signal

A

Cytoplasmic/Intercellular domain

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33
Q

Do not enter the cell but bind to plasma membrane receptors, generating a chemical signal (second messenger) inside the target cell

A

Nonsteroid hormones

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34
Q

Activate other intracellular chemical to produce the target cell response

A

Second messenger

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35
Q

Examples of hormones which utilize Cyclic AMP

A

FSH, LH, ADH, Glucagon, Parathormone, Epi, Nor Epi, TSH, Calcitonin “FLAG PENT C”

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36
Q

Examples of hormones which utilize Protein kinase activity

A

Prolactin, Oxytocin, GH, Insulin, Erythropoietin “POGI E”

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37
Q

Examples of hormones which utilize Calcium and/or phosphoinositides

A

TSH, ADH, Nor Epi, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone & Epinephrine “TANGE”

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38
Q

Examples of hormones which utilize Cyclic GMP

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide & Nitric Oxide “NA”

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39
Q

Is a nucleotide generated from ATP through the action of ___________.

A

Cyclic AMP. Adenylate cyclase.

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40
Q

Elevated concentation of cAMP causes activation of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase called

A

Protein kinase A

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41
Q

Protein kinase A(inactive) becomes active when it binds ________. Upon activation, protein kinase A _________ other proteins which alter the cell’s state. Give an example.

A

cAMP. Phosphorylates. Glucagon.

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42
Q

Tyrosine kinase second messenger system example

A

Insulin

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43
Q

Composed of single polypeptide chain with three distinct domains

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

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44
Q

A steroid & thyroid hormone receptor domain in which amino acids in this region are responsible for binding of the receptor to specific sequences of DNA

A

DNA binding domain

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45
Q

A steroid & thyroid hormone receptor domain in which it is the region that binds hormone

A

Carboxy-terminus/ ligand-binding domain

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46
Q

Composition of hormones are mostly

A

Polypeptides & Glycoproteins

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47
Q

Adrenal hormones are synthesized from

A

Cholesterol

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48
Q

Catecholamine hormones are derived from _______. Give examples

A

Tyrosine. Thyroid & Adrenal medullary hormones.

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49
Q

General steps in hormone response mechanism

A

Hormone receptor protein, effector enzymes, second messenger & metabolic response triggered “HES-M”

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50
Q

Binds to the plasma membrane at specific site. Receptor protein changes shape and activates the G protein.

A

cAMP: Hormone receptor

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51
Q

Binds to the plasma membrane at specific site. Receptor protein changes shape and activates the G protein. G protein binds with GTP “replacing” GDP.

A

PIP- Calcium: hormone receptor

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52
Q

Effector enzyme of cAMP. G protein complex activates _______ which breaks GTP to _____. Generates second messenger cAMP from ______.

A

Adenylate cyclase. GDP. ATP.

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53
Q

Effector enzyme of PIP Calcium. G protein-GTP complex actives ________ which breaks _____ to GDP. PIP2(phosphatyidyl inositol biphosphate) into ______ & ______.

A

Phospholipase. GDP. Diacyglycerol & IP3 (Inositol triphosphate)

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54
Q

Second messenger of PIP Calcium. _______ activates protein kinase. _______ releases Ca+. Third messenger: _______ activates enzymes.

A

Diacyglycerol. IP3. Ca+.

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55
Q

Can also be found in the heart, pancreas, GIT & Fat stores.

A

Peptides & Proteins

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56
Q

______ cannot cross the cell membrane. Amino acid hormones bind with a protein _______ of the cell membrane.

A

Amino acids. Outside.

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57
Q

Examples of amino acid derivatives

A

Tyrosine, Tryptophan & Glutamic acid

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58
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol, Cortisol, Pregnelone & Testosterone “CCPT”

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59
Q

Examples of fatty acid derivatives

A

Prostaglandin, Prostacyclin, Leukotrienes & Thromboxanes “PPLT”

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60
Q

Effects of hormones depend largely on their concentration in blood and ECF: feedback loops. Rapid onset of peptide hormones and catecholamine. Rapid clearance of unbound hormones.

A

Rate of Production, Delivery & Elimination/Degradation

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61
Q

Is located in the middle base of the brain, encapsulates the ventral portion of ________.

A

Hypothalamus. 3rd ventricle.

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62
Q

Controls the release of pituitary hormones in a pulsatile manner

A

Hypothalamus

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63
Q

A 44-amino acid peptide hormone in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Carried by the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal circulation to the anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates Growth hormone secretion.

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

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64
Q

Other name for GHRH

A

Somatocrinin

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65
Q

Released from the periventricular somatostatin neurons. Opposes GH. Inhibits GH secretion by hyperpolarizing _______.

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormones. Somatotropes.

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66
Q

Other name for GHIH

A

Somatostatin

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67
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. Is high protein, calcium plus other minerals, Vit. ADEK, vitamins in the B group, Vit. K & Vit. C

A

Alfalfa

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68
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. Is very high in protein. Contains around 28% protein and has more protein that can be found in most meat products.

A

Wheat germ

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69
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. Flavoring agent.

A

Citric acid

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70
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. Used as an alternative treatment for arthritis and osteoporosis.

A

Hydrolyzed collagen

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71
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. Is used as a preservative because it works very well at killing bacteria, yeast and fungi.

A

Sodium Benzoate

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72
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. Involved in bone health.

A

Vitamin D3

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73
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. Used to prevent and treat calcium deficiencies.

A

Calcium Citrate

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74
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. For stronger bones.

A

Algae Calcium

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75
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. Is most commonly used as an antacid and also to treat calcium deficiencies.

A

Calcium Lactate

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76
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. Help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis.

A

Glucosamine

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77
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. Treats osteoporosis.

A

Copper Gluconate

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78
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. Can be applied in the food and beverage product which aim to enhance mineral absorption in the consumer. It facilitates calcium solubility, suggesting that overall digestive calcium uptake is improved.

A

Casein Phosphopeptide “CPP”

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79
Q

Height enhancer ingredient. Rich in nucleic acids, which are instrumental in natural human growth and are found in mother’s milk. Supplementation of infants with this product boost growth, development and vitality.

A

Chorella Growth Factor

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80
Q

Has 2 active forms produced by alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one of ___ AA and other of ___ AA. Secreted by hypthalamus, delta cells of stomach, intestine and pancreas.

A

Somatostatin

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81
Q

Mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically. More potent inhibitor of GH, glucagon and insulin than the natural hormone.

A

Octreotide

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82
Q

Imhibit the release of GH, TSH and supress the release of GI hormones

A

Somatostatin

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83
Q

Lowers the rate of gastric emptying and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within intestine. Supress the release of pancreatic hormones and exocrine secretory action of pancreas.

A

Somatostatin

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84
Q

A polypeptide hormone and neurotransmitter involved in the stress response.

A

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

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85
Q

Other name of CRH

A

Corticotropin-releasing factor/corticoliberin

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86
Q

CRH is synthesized by the _______ and seems to determine duration of ________.

A

Placenta. Pregnancy.

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87
Q

CRH stimulates ______ to secrete _______ and other biologically active substances (B endorphin)

A

Corticotropes. Corticotropin (ACTH)

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88
Q

Tripeptide hormone that stimulates the release of TSH and prolactin anterior pituitaryl

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

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89
Q

Other name of Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Thyroliberin/protirelin

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90
Q

______ is produced by the hypothalamus and travels acrossthe median eminence to the pituitary via the ___________.

A

TRH. hypophyseal portal system

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91
Q

A peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. Previously called as LHRH

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone 1

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92
Q

The gene, GNRH1, for the GNRH1 precursor is located in chromosome __

A

8

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93
Q

GNRH precursor contains __ AA and is processed by GNRH1’ a decapeptide(10 AA) in mammals.

A

92

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94
Q

Considered as a neurohormone, a hormone that produced in a specific neural cell and released at its neutral terminal

A

GNRH1

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95
Q

What part of hypothalamus contains most of the GNRH1-secreting neurons

A

Preoptic area

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96
Q

How is GNRH1 degraded? Duration?

A

Proteolysis. Few minutes.

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97
Q

GNRH1 is secreted in pulses at a _______ frequency in males.

A

Constant

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98
Q

In females, the frequency of of the pulses varies during the ___________ and there is a large surge of GNRH1 just ___________.

A

Menstrual cycle. Before ovulation.

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99
Q

When does GNRH1 activity low?

A

Childhood

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100
Q

When does GNRH1 activity activated?

A

Puberty

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101
Q

During reproductive years, _________ is critical for successful reproductive function as controlled by _________.

A

Pulse activity. Feedback loops.

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102
Q

Once pregnancy is established? Is GNRH1 activity required?

A

No

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103
Q

Function as a neurotransmitter and neurohormone. Inhibit prolactin release.

A

Dopamine

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104
Q

Chemical name of Dopamine

A

4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol “DA”

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105
Q

A subclass of the pituitary acidophilic cells

A

Somatotropes

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106
Q

Synthesized by somatotropes.

A

Growth hormone

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107
Q

Genes for human GH are localized in the ______ region of chromosome _____.

A

q22-24. 17.

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108
Q

Promotes GH secretion

A

GHRH & Ghrelin

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109
Q

Causes inhibition of GHRH

A

Somatostatin

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110
Q

Other name of GH

A

Somatropin/Somatotropin

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111
Q

GH receptor is a member of the _________ superfamily. GH is bound to a __________ derived from the GH receptor.

A

Cytokine receptor. growth hormone binding protein.

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112
Q

One growth hormone molecule binds to one receptor to form a ______ through which signaling occurs.

A

Dimer

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113
Q

A hormone homologous to proinsulin.

A

Insulin-like growth factor/Somatomedin C

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114
Q

Height growth in childhood is stimulated by what mechanisms

A
  • Directly stimulates chondrocytes of cartilage

- Stimulates IGF1

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115
Q

Stimulators of GH

A

Hypoglycemia, Exercise, Estradiol & Dietary Protein “HEED”

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116
Q

Inhibitors of GH

A

Dietary Carbohydrate & Glucocorticoids “D&G”

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117
Q

Effects of GH: _______ liver glycogen.

A

Increases

118
Q

Effects of GH: ______ transport of AA into muscle cells and also ______ protein synthesis.

A

Increase. Increases.

119
Q

Effects of GH: antagonizes the effect of _______.

A

Insulin

120
Q

Effects of GH: decreased peripheral utilization of ________.

A

Glucose

121
Q

Effects of GH: ________ hepatic glucose production via ________.

A

Increases. Gluconeogenesis.

122
Q

Effects of GH: promotes the release of ________ and _________ from adipose tissue.

A

FFA & Glycerol.

123
Q

Effects of GH: promotes a positive ______, ______ & ______ balance.

A

Calcium, magnesium & phosphate.

124
Q

Effects of GH: causes retention of ______, ______ & _______ ions.

A

Sodium, potassium & chloride.

125
Q

Effects of GH: promotes growth of ______ bones.

A

Long

126
Q

Effects of GH: stimulates ______.

A

Lactogenesis

127
Q

Lack the ability to synthesize or secrete GH

A

GH-deficient dwarfs

128
Q

Lack the IGF-1 response to GH but not its metabolic effects; thus the deficiency is post-receptor in nature.

A

Pygmies

129
Q

Have normal or excess plasma GH, but lack liver GH receptors and have low levels of circulating IGF-1.

A

Laron dwarfs

130
Q

Excessive amounts of GH before epiphyseal closure of the long bones leads to

A

Gigantism

131
Q

Excessive GH after epiphyseal closure, acral bone growth leads to the characteristic features of

A

Acromegaly

132
Q

Peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by lactotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland

A

Prolactin

133
Q

In prolactin, the molecule is folded due to the activity of _________.

A

Three disulfide bonds

134
Q

Encoded by a gene on chromosome __ interacts with the prolactin molecule as a transmembrane receptor.

A

Prolactin receptor. 5.

135
Q

The prolactin receptor, a member of the ______________ superfamily, is expressed in the immune system.

A

Hematopoietin/cytokine receptor

136
Q

Synthesize and secrete biologically active prolactin, act as an autocrine or paracrine factor to modulate the activities of cells of the immune system.

A

Lymphocytes

137
Q

Inhibits prolactin secretion when then causes regulation of its pituitary secretion.

A

Dopamine neurons

138
Q

Stimulate the mammary glands to produce milk

A

Prolactin

139
Q

High levels of this during pregnancy act directly on the breast to stop ejection of milk. When the levels of this hormone fall after childbirth, milk ejection is possible.

A

Progesterone

140
Q

Indicator for the amount of sexual satisfaction and relaxation

A

Refractory period

141
Q

Responsible for sexual arousal, causing the male’s refractory period.

A

Prolactin

142
Q

Unusual high amounts of prolactin are suspected to be responsible for

A

Impotence & Loss of Libido

143
Q

In women, Tumors of prolactin-secreting cells cause

A

Amenorrhea & Galactorrhea

144
Q

In men, excess PRL is associated with

A

Gynecomastia and Impotence

145
Q

A polypeptide placental hormone. Structure and function is similar to that of human GH. It is an anti-insulin. No definite function in humans.

A

Chorionic Somatomamatropin(CS) or Human Placental Lactogen(HPL)

146
Q

An (a:B) heterodimer, with the alpha subunit being identical in all members of the family. The biological activity of the hormone determined by the B-subunit, not active in the absence of a-subunit.

A

Glycoprotein hormones

147
Q

Glycoprotein family transduce their intracellular effects via what receptors

A

G-protein, Adenylate cyclase & Second-messenger system. “GAS”

148
Q

Responsible for gametogenesis and steroidogenesis in the gonads

A

Gonadotropins

149
Q

Stimulates the growth of Graffian follicles to maturation

A

FSH

150
Q

Shuts off the FSH production. It is released as follicle grows

A

Inhibin

151
Q

Controls FSH release

A

GnRH

152
Q

Enhances FSH release

A

Activin

153
Q

In men, FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the _______ cells of the testes and is critical for _______.

A

Sertoli. Spermatogenesis.

154
Q

Act synergistically in reproduction

A

FSH & LH

155
Q

FSH: alpha subunit is located on chromosome __. Beta subunit is on chromosome __.

A
  1. 11.
156
Q

The sugar part of FSH is composed of ______, ______, ______, _____, _______ & _______, the latter being critical for its biologic half life of _____.

A

Fructose, Mannose, Glucosamine, Galactose, Galactosamine & Sialic acid. “FMGs”. 3-4 hours.

157
Q

High FSH levels are typical in

A

Menopause

158
Q

Diminished secretion of FSH can result in failure of gonadal function known as

A

Hypogonadism

159
Q

Synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of pituitary gland. Necessary for proper reproductive function.

A

Luteinizing Hormone

160
Q

In females, acute rise of LH- the LH surge- triggers

A

Ovulation

161
Q

In males, LH also called ________, stimulates ________ cell production of testosterone.

A

Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone(ICSH). Leydig.

162
Q

Confers its specific biologic action and is responsible for interaction with the LH receptor

A

LH beta subunit

163
Q

LH has a beta subunit of ___ AA. Alpha subunit is same as ____.

A
  1. FSH.
164
Q

LH beta subunit contains the same AA in sequence as beta subunit of _____ and both stimulate the same receptor. However, the HCG beta subunit contain additional ___ AA, and both hormones differ in composition of their sugar moieties. The different composition of these oligosaccharides affect _____ & _________.

A

HCG. 24. Bioactivity & Speed of degradation.

165
Q

LH: beta-subunit is localized in the LHB/CGB gene cluster on chromosome __.

A

19.

166
Q

_____, ______ & ________ do not affect genetic activity for the beta subunit production of LH.

A

Activin, inhibin & sex hormones

167
Q

In women, LH levels are normally low during _____ and high after ______

A

Childhood. Menopause.

168
Q

The detection of this has become useful for people who want to know when ovulation occurs.

A

LH surge

169
Q

Diminished secretion of LH result in failure of gonadal function known as. Manifest in males as failure in production of normal number of _____. In females, ______

A

Hypogonadism. Sperm. Amenorrhea.

170
Q

Peptide hormone that is produced in pregnancy, that is made by the embryo soon after conception and later by _________.

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. Syncytiotrophoblast.

171
Q

Prevent the disintegration of corpus luteum & maintain progesterone production. Affects the immune tolerance of the the pregnancy. Used for early pregnancy testing.

A

HCG

172
Q

Heterodimeric, with an A-subunit identical to that of LH, FSh and TSH and B-subunit that is unique to which.

A

HCG

173
Q

Encoded by ___ homologous genes which are arranged in tandem an inverted pairs of chromosome __.

A

BhCG. 6. 19.

174
Q

Extensively used as a parenteral medication in fertility therapy in lieu of LH. ____ is also secreted by cancers including teratomas, choriocarcinomas and islet cell tumors.

A

HCG. BhCG.

175
Q

In males, hCG injections are used to stimulate _____ cells to synthesize ______.

A

Leydig. Testosterone.

176
Q

Mimics LH and helps restore and maintain testosterone production in the testes. It is also used in combination with various __________ cycles.

A

hCG. Anabolic Androgen Steroid.

177
Q

Synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. Also known as

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. Thyrotropin.

178
Q

TSH secrete

A

Thyroxine(T3) & Triiodothyronine(T4)

179
Q

TSH production is controlled by ____, from the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary gland, where it increases TSH production and release.

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

180
Q

Decrease TSH

A

Somatostatin

181
Q

When the levels of T3 and T4 are low, the production of TSH is ____. And in vice versa TSH production is ____. Creates a regulatory negative feedback loop.

A

High. Low.

182
Q

TSH receptor is found where

A

Thyroid follicular cells

183
Q

Stimulation of TSH receptor

A

Increases T3 & T4 production and secretion.

184
Q

Stimulating antibodies against TSH receptor _____ TSh action and are found in what disease

A

Mimic. Graves’ disease.

185
Q

TSH: alpha chain is located on chromosome __. Beta chain is located on chromosome __.

A
  1. 1.
186
Q

Excess TSH levels

A

Hyperthyroidism

187
Q

Deficient TSH levels

A

Hypothyroidism

188
Q

Expressed in both the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland. The primary protein product of this gene is a ___ AA precursor- undergo differential processing to yield atleast __ peptides, dependent upon the location of synthesis and the stimulus leading to their production.

A

Proopiomelanocortin(POMC) gene. 285. 8.

189
Q

Secreted from the corticotropes in the anterior of the pituitary gland in response to the hormone Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone(CRH) by the hypothalamus.

A

ACTH

190
Q

ACTH consists of __ AA, the first 13 if which (counting from the N-terminus) may be cleaved to form _____. Half life of ACTH in human blood is about ____.

A
  1. a-MSH. 10mins.
191
Q

Stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland and boosts the synthesis of corticosteroids. Acts through stimulation of cell surface ACTH receptors located on the adrenocortical cells. Also related to circadian rhythm in many organisms

A

ACTH

192
Q

Enumerate the corticosteroids

A

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex steroids(androgens)

193
Q

Hormones that are also released together with ACTH

A

Lipotropin, B-endorphin, Met-enkephalin & Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone “LBMM”

194
Q

Excessive ACTH production results in what disease state and its causes

A

Cushing syndrome. (-) N, K & P balance, Na retention, Glucose intolerance, Inc plasma fatty acids and Dec circulating eosinophils & lymphocytes.

195
Q

Causes lypolysis and fatty acid mobilization, but its physiologic role is minimal.

A

B-Lipotropin

196
Q

Binds to CNS receptors like opiates and may play a role in pain perception, appetite & immune response

A

Endorphins

197
Q

Stimulates darkening of skin

A

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

198
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones. Synthesized as prohormones in neural cell bodies of the hypothalamus. Axons terminate in the posterior pituitary, and the hormones are secreted directly into the systemic circulation

A

Oxytocin & Vasopressin

199
Q

Hormone that is mainly released when the body is low on water. It causes the kidneys to conserve water by concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume.

A

Arginine vasopressin(AVP)/ADH/Argipressin

200
Q

A peptide hormone liberated from a preprohormone precursor that is synthesized in the hypothalamus. Secreted in response to reductions in plasma volume and increases in plasma osmolality. And in response to increase plasma osmotic pressure mediated by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.

A

Vasopressin

201
Q

Pressure receptors that activate ADH secretion

A

Veins, Atria & Carotid “VAC”

202
Q

Reduces vasopressin secretion

A

Ethanol & Caffeine

203
Q

The resulting decrease in water reabsorption by the kidney leads to

A

Higher urine output

204
Q

Stimulates secretion of ADH

A

Angiotensin II

205
Q

Vasopressin acts on how many receptors

A

Three

206
Q

ADH receptor: Corticotropin secretion from the pituitary gland

A

V1b

207
Q

ADH receptor: control of free water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys(especially the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts)

A

V2

208
Q

ADH receptor: vasoconstriction, gluconeogenesis in the liver, platelet aggregation and release of factor. VIII and von Willebrand factor

A

V1a

209
Q

In ADH, activation of _________ causes increase cAMP which leads to the insertion of _______ channels (water channels) into the apical membrane of the cells lining the collecting duct.

A

Adenylate cyclase. AQP2.

210
Q

ADH is a peptide that contain ___ AA. AA sequence of arginine vasopressin, with the cysteine residues from a ________.

A
  1. Sulfur bridge.
211
Q

Has a lysine in place of arginine.

A

Lysine Vasopressin

212
Q

Decreased ADH release or decreased renal sensitivity to vasopressin leads to a condition featuring hypernatremia, polyuria & polydipsia.

A

Diabetes Insipidus

213
Q

High levels of ADH secretion and resultant is hyponatremia occurs in brain diseases and condition of lungs.

A

SIADH

214
Q

is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. In women, it is released mainly after distention of the cervix and vagina during labor, and after stimulation of nipples, facilitating birth and breastfeeding.

A

Oxytocin

215
Q

Oxytocin is released during ______ of both sexes. In the brain, oxytocin is involved in ______ & ______, and might be involved in the formation of ______ between people.

A

Orgasm. Social recognition & Bonding. Trust.

216
Q

Oxytocin is a peptide of __ AA. The cysteine residues form a _______. It has a molecular mass of _____ daltons.

A
  1. Sulfur bridge. 1007.
217
Q

Expresses oxytocin receptors, and in both the myometrium and endometrium of the uterus at the end of pregnancy.

A

Myoepithelial cells of mammary gland

218
Q

Due to its similarity to ADH, it can reduce the excretion of urine slightly.

A

Oxytocin

219
Q

Thyroid hormones requires this trace element for biologic activity

A

Iodine

220
Q

Is the precursor of T4 and T3. Produced on RER, has a molecular weight of 660,000. It is glycosylated and contains more than 100 tyrosine residues, which become iodinated.

A

Thyroglobulin

221
Q

Steps in TH synthesis: A ___________ concentrates iodide in thyroid cells, and the iodide is transported to the _________. It is oxidized by a ________ found only in thyroid tissue.

A

Na/K ATPase driven pump. Follicle lumen. Thyroperoxidase.

222
Q

Steps in TH synthesis: the addition of oxidized iodide to tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin is catalyzed the same thyroperoxidase enzyme, leading to production of

A

Thyroglobulin Monoiodotyrosyl(MIT) & Diiodotyrosyl(DIT) “organification”

223
Q

Steps in TH synthesis: process in which thyronines, T3 & T4, are formed by combining MIT and DIT residues on thyroglobulin.

A

Coupling

224
Q

The only tissue that can oxidize to a higher valence state, an obligatory step in organification and thyroid hormone biosynthesis.

A

Thyroid

225
Q

Steps in TH synthesis: mature, iodinated thyroglobulin is taken up in vesicle by ______ and fuses with ______.

A

Thyrocytes. Lysosomes.

226
Q

Steps in TH synthesis: degrade thyroglobulin releasing AA and T3 & T4, which are secreted into the circulation.

A

Lysosomal protease

227
Q

T3 & T4 are very ______ and require a carrier protein for delivery to target tissues. In the plasma, T3 & T4 are bound to a carrier glycoprotein known as _________ and are disseminated throughout the body in this form.

A

Hydrophobic. Thyroxin-binding globulin.

228
Q

Thyroid hormone circulating in the blood is bound to transport proteins

A

Thyroxine-binding globulin(70%), Thyroxine-binding prealbumin(10-15%) and Albumin(15-20%)

229
Q

Protein that is responsible for the transport of retinol-transthyretin

A

Thyroxine-binding prealbumin

230
Q

Responsible for the biologic activity.

A

Unbound thyroid hormones

231
Q

Binds to the thyroid receptor in target cells 10x more than T4, so more metabolically active. However T4 has 5x half life than this.

A

T3

232
Q

Selectively removes iodidefrom the 5’ position of T4 to make it T3. Found in target tissues such as pituitary, kidney and liver.

A

Peripheral deiodinase

233
Q

Inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3

A

Propylthiouracil & Propanolol.

234
Q

Increases BMR, protein synthesis, body’s sensitivity to catecholamines and regulate protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism.

A

Thyroid hormones

235
Q

In the embryo, this is necessary for normal development

A

Thyroid hormones

236
Q

Hypothyroidism in embryo is responsible for this which is characterized by multiple congenital defects and mental retardation

A

Cretinism

237
Q

Increase cardiac output, heart rate, ventilation rate & BMR. And for development of brain and thickens endometrium.m

A

Thyroxine

238
Q

Activate the human thyroid TSH receptor, leading to the hyperthyroidism of Grave’s diseases. Bind to TSH receptor and mimic the TSH stimulation of the gland by increasing intracellular cAMP.

A

Thyroid Stimulating Autoantibodies

239
Q

Enlargement of thyroid

A

Goiter

240
Q

Insufficient T3 or T4 results to this causing slow heart rate, diastolic HPN,sluggishness,constipation,cold intolerance and dry skin.

A

Hypothyroidism

241
Q

Excess thyroid hormone results to this which has opposite symptoms to hypothyroidism

A

Thyrotoxicosis

242
Q

Leads to the ff manifestations: inc metabolic rate,weight loss,negative nitrogen balance,excessive sweating,palpitations,dyspnea,tremor,weakness,exophthalmos and goiter.

A

Hyperthyroidism

243
Q

Leads to the ff manifestations: dec metabolic rate,weight gain,positive nitrogen balance,cold sensitivity,dec cardiac output,hypoventilation,lethargy,mental slowness,drooping eyelids,growth & mental retardation and goiter

A

Hypothyroidism

244
Q

There is approximately 1kg of Ca in the body, 99% of which is in bone where it forms

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals with phosphates

245
Q

Not complexed with organic acids or bound to proteins, is the biologically active fraction of calcium

A

Ionized calcium

246
Q

Low ionized calcium levels causes

A

Tetanic convulsions

247
Q

Elevated calcium causes

A

Muscle paralysis & Coma

248
Q

Binds calcium and may alter circulating calcium levels

A

Albumin

249
Q

Synthesized and secreted by chief cells of the parathyroid in response to systemic Ca2+ levels. MW is 9500 and is secreted as an __ AA peptide.

A

Parathyroid Hormone. 84.

250
Q

Immediate precursor of PTH which differs from the native 85-amino acid hormone by having a highly basic hexapeptide amino termianl extension

A

ProPTH

251
Q

The primary gene product and the immediate precursor of proPTH is the _______. This differs from proPTH by having an additional __ AA terminal extension that is ______.

A

115-AA preproPTH. 25. Hydrophobic.

252
Q

PTH 1-34 has a full biologic activity, and the region _____ is primarili responsible for receptor binding.

A

25-34

253
Q

An acute decrease of calcium results in marked

A

Increase of PTH mRNA

254
Q

Regulates Ca2+ concentration in extracellular fluids. Acts by binding to cAMP-coupled plasma membrane receptors. Increases Ca2+ levels in extracellular fluids.

A

PTH

255
Q

Induces the dissolution of bone by stimulating osteoclast activity, which leads to elevated plasma Ca2+ and phosphate

A

PTH

256
Q

In the kidney, PTH _____ renal Ca2+ clearance by stimulating its reabsorption. At the same time PTH reduces the reabsorption of phosphate and thereby ______ its excretion in the kidneys.

A

Reduces. Increases.

257
Q

Acts on the skin, liver and kidney to stimulate production of calcitriol or Vit. D which is responsible for Calcium absorption in the intestine

A

PTH

258
Q

Results in muscle cramps and tetany. It usually due to accidental removal of the parathyroid gland during neck surgery.

A

Hypoparathyroidism

259
Q

PTH is produced but there is end-organ resistance to its effects

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

260
Q

Is usually due to cancer causing high ionized calcium and low serum phosphate levels

A

Hyperparathyroidism

261
Q

May be seen in patients with progressive renal failure due to inefficient calcium reabsorption caused by decreased activity of Vitamin D which is not activated by the kidney.

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

262
Q

The only hormone that can promote the translocation of calcium against concentration gradient which exists across the intestinal cell membrane.

A

Vitamin D

263
Q

Deficient bone mineralization. Deficiency of Vit. D in children causes

A

Rickets

264
Q

Deficient bone mineralization. Deficiency of Vit. D in adult causes

A

Osteomalacia

265
Q

Is normally found in persons sufficient with sunlight

A

Vit. D

266
Q

Most potent naturally occurring metabolite of Vit. D

A

Calcitriol

267
Q

In the skin, Vit. D is produced from ________ during photolysis reaction

A

7-Dehydrocholesterol

268
Q

In the liver, Vit. D binding protein binds Vit. ___ from the skin or intestine where it undergoes _____ in the ER ( by 25 hydoxylase). This reaction requires __, ______ and _____.

A

Vit. D3. Hydroxylation. Mg, NADPH & Oxygen.

269
Q

In the mitochondria of the renal proximal convoluted tubule, 25 mono hydroxy D3 from the liver is converted to its active form by hydroxylation at position C1 by

A

1a-hydroxylase

270
Q

Three enzymes that are needed for the activation of Vit. D in the kidney

A
  • Flavoprotein, renal ferredoxin reductase
  • Iron sulfur protein
  • Cytochrome P450
271
Q

32-AA peptide secreted by parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland. Employed therapeutically to relieve the symptoms of osteoporosis. Formed by proteolytic cleavage of a larger prepropeptide which is the product of the CALC1 gene.

A

Calcitonin

272
Q

A protein made by osteoclasts adn responsible for attaching osteoclasts to bone

A

Osteoporin

273
Q

Shown to reduce the synthesis of osteoporin. Has counter effects of parathyroid hormone.

A

Calcitonin

274
Q

PTH has primary control for these electrolytes

A

Calcium and Phosphate

275
Q

Calcitonin reduces blood calcium levels in 3 ways: dec Ca _____ by the intestines, dec ________ in bones and dec _____ & _____ reabsorption by the kidney tubules.

A

Absorption. Osteoclast activity. Calcium & Phosphate.

276
Q

Calcitonin prevents __________ resulting from absorption of Ca from foods during a meal.

A

Postprandial hypercalcemia

277
Q

Calcitonin ______ mineralization of skeletal bone. And regulates ______.

A

Promotes. Vit. D

278
Q

Calcitonin promotes against Ca loss from skeleton during periods of Ca stress such ah

A

Pregnancy and Lactation

279
Q

Is a satiety hormone. It inhibits food intake in rats and monkeys. It may have CNS action involving the regulation of feeding and appetite.

A

Calcitonin

280
Q

Receptor of Calcitonin with seven membrane spanning regions which is coupled by Gs to adenylyl cyclase and thereby to the generation of cAMP in target cells.

A

Serpentine G protein-coupled receptor

281
Q

Secrete glucagon at outer rim of islet

A

Alpha cells

282
Q

Secrete insulin at central islet

A

Beta cells

283
Q

Secrete somatostatin and gastrin

A

Delata cells

284
Q

Factors that increase glucagon secretion

A

Dec blood glucose, inc AA, Nor/Epi and Acetylcholine

285
Q

Factors that decrease glucagon secretion

A

Inc blood glucose, insulin, somatostatin, fatty acids and ketoacids

286
Q

Factors that increase insulin secretion

A

Inc blood glucose, AA, fatty acid, glucagon, ACh, GIP, growth hormone and cortisol

287
Q

Factors that decrease insulin secretion

A

Dec blood glucose, somatostatin and Nor/Epi

288
Q

Pathophysiology of DM

A

Hyperglycemia, hypotension, metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia

289
Q

Pathophysiology of DM: insulin deficiency

A

Hyperglycemia

290
Q

Pathophysiology of DM: ECF volume contraction

A

Hypotension

291
Q

Pathophysiology of DM: overproduction of ketoacids

A

Metabolic acidosis

292
Q

Pathophysiology of DM: lack of insulin

A

Hyperkalemia

Biochemistry (20 decks)

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