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Biochemistry > Endo: Clinical Correlation > Flashcards

Endo: Clinical Correlation Flashcards

0
Q

Enzyme is lacking in humans that supposedly would metabolize uric acid further

A

Uricase

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1
Q

End product of purine catabolism in humans

A

Uric acid

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2
Q

Gout is generally a metabolic disorder of

A

Purine catabolism

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3
Q

Gout may be due to defects in _______ as: inc affinity for ribose-5-phosphate, defect in feedback inhibition and increased Vmax

A

PRPP synthetase

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4
Q

It is converted to inosine

A

Adenosine

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5
Q

In the pathway, what is the immediate precursor of uric acid

A

Xanthine

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6
Q

What is the underlying problem that brings about the symptom of acute gout

A

Renal mishandling of uric acid

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7
Q

Substance that is deposited in the tissues in acute gout

A

Monosodium urate

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8
Q

Characteristic of acute gouty arthritis

A

Monoarticular

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9
Q

In relation to acute gouty arthritis, serum uric acid levels are

A

May be normal or elevated

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10
Q

How does alcohol intake precipitate acute gouty arthritis

A
  • alcohol produces lactic acid which inhibits uric acid excretion
  • alcohol causes diuresis
  • alcohol may alter pH affecting solubility of uric acid
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11
Q

Dietary component which may contribute to increased production of uric acid

A

Protein

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12
Q

Enzyme that is inhibited by the drug allopurinol

A

Xanthine oxidase

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13
Q

To facilitate excretion of uric acid, ______ drugs may be used.

A

Uricosuric

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14
Q

Mainstay of treatment for an attack of acute gouty arthritis

A

NSAIDS

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15
Q

Increase uric acid levels

A

Hyperuricemia

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16
Q

Crystals that are deposited in the tissues in acute gouty arthritis

A

Monosodium urate

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17
Q

Inflammation of tissue

A

Pain, Edema & Neutrophilic Infiltration “PEN”

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18
Q

More common in males. Middle age(40s). Sudden very painful involvement of single joint. Common history of recent alcohol intake. Serum uric acid may be normal to elevated.

A

Acute gout

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19
Q

Medical term for big toe

A

Podagra

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20
Q

Persistent hyperuricemia. May involve multiple joints/tissues. Chronic deposition of crystals resulting in tophi.

A

Chronic gout

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21
Q

Binds to microtubules; prevents migration of neutrophils.

A

Colchicine

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22
Q

Inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidase; prevents formation of uric acid.

A

Allopurinol

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23
Q

To control inflammation

A

Steroids

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24
Q

Removal of tophi thru

A

Surgery

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25
Q

Types of arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis

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26
Q

Inflammation of joint

A

Arthritis

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27
Q

Metabolic interrelationships of cells in the body: _____ & _____ must cooperate unselfishly for the common good of the body.

A

Cells & Organs

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28
Q

The physical sensation or the body’s way of signaling that is running short of food and needs to eat something is termed

A

Hunger

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29
Q

Region that has the greatest number of hungry people

A

Asia and the Pacific

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30
Q

The number of health risks worldwide include

A

Hunger & Malnutrition

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31
Q

Blood glucose and insulin levels are highest during

A

Immediately post-prandial

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32
Q

Sources of glucose in blood include

A

Liver glycogen, muscle glycogen & renal gluconeogenesis

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33
Q

Second messenger molecule of glucagon

A

Tyrosine kinase

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34
Q

Metabolic effects of glucagon on the liver include

A

Dec glycolysis & Inc gluconeogenesis

35
Q

Glucogenic compounds that undergo gluconeogenesis include the ______. What product of glucose metabolism feeds this cycle to proceed to gluconeogenesis

A

Cori cycle. Lactate.

36
Q

Most variable item in the energy budget of the body.

A

Muscle activity

37
Q

Glycogenolysis in the muscle can

A

Inc blood glucose level

38
Q

Adipocytes must undergo glycolysis before they can synthesize triglycerides because they need an intermediate of glycolysis known as

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

39
Q

The brain produces most of its energy by the oxidation of glucose; during long term fasting, however it can cover more than half of its energy needs from

A

Oxidation of ketone bodies

40
Q

During long term fasting, the liver produces acetyl-CoA by the B-oxidation of fatty acids. What is the major metabolic fate of this acetyl-CoA

A

Ketogenesis

41
Q

When you wake up in the morning, 12 hours after dinner, what is the main source of blood glucose

A

Liver glycogen

42
Q

Why does net protein breakdown occur during prolonged fasting

A

To provide gluconeogenic substrates

43
Q

What is the metabolic sequelae of low insulin levels and high levels of insulin antagonists

A

Enhanced lipolysis

44
Q

Activates beta oxidation of fatty acids

A

Glucagon

45
Q

The most aristocratic organ in the body by virtue of its comsumption of approximately 20% of the total energy in the resting body

A

Brain

46
Q

Ketone bodies that are used to fuel metabolism in starvation

A

Acetoacetate & b-Hydroxybutyrate

47
Q

A disorder with ff. manifestations: tired, fatigue, constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin, swelling sensation on neck and diminished reflexes.

A

Hypothyroidism

48
Q

Treatment of choice for hypothyroidism

A

Levothyroxine

49
Q

Hormone that inc protein synthesis, stimulate oxygen consumption, upregulates Na-K pump and aids in conversion of food into energy or heat

A

Thyroid hormone

50
Q

Sequence in the synthesis of tyrosine

A
  • Oxidation of I- to 12
  • Organification of I2 into MIT & DIT
  • Coupling reaction of MIT and DIT into T3 and T4
  • Hydrolysis of T3 & T4
  • Deiodination of residual MIT & DIT and recycling of I- and tyrosinase
51
Q

Block the action of thyroid hormones, so the dose of thyroid hormone must be increased

A

Estrogen

52
Q

Stimulatory factors for thyroid hormone secretion

A

TSH, Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins & pregnancy

53
Q

Leading cause of hypothyroidism in DEVELOPED countries

A

Autoimmune thyroiditis

54
Q

TSH levels are elevated and directly stimulate growth of the thyroid gland to a very large size

A

Individuals with iodide deficiency

55
Q

True in patient with chronic autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland

A

Inc TSH, Low BMR & Low T3 resin uptake

56
Q

Thyroid hormone receptors exert their effect by binding to ___ and regulate transcription of ____ from target genes.

A

DNA. mRNA.

57
Q

Causes the regulatory subunits of the protein kinase to dissociate from the catalytic subunits

A

G protein

58
Q

The phosphatidylinositol cycle begins with activation of _________; this initiates a sequence of events.

A

Phospholipase C

59
Q

Elevated TSH, Low thyroxine

A

Hypothyroidism

60
Q

Sheehan sydrome/ anterior pituitary hemorrhagic necrosis after postpartum hemorrhage. She feels light headed, dizzy and weak. What hormone is responsible

A

ACTH

61
Q

Thyroglobulin is derived from what AA

A

Tyrosine

62
Q

A functional bowel disorder. Symptoms are abdominal pain, or discomfort and altered bowel habits in absence of detectable structural abnormalities.

A

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

63
Q

Rome II Criteria: recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort of atleast _____ per month in the last ______ associated with __ or more of the ff: improvement w/ defecation, onset associated with a change in frequency or in appearance of stool

A

3 rays. 3 months. 2.

64
Q

Extrinsic innervation of Digestive system

A

Para and sympathetic

65
Q

Intrinsic innervation of Digestive system

A

Meissner’s plexus & Auerbach’s plexus

66
Q

Contraction and relaxation of the walls and sphincters of the GIT. Grinds, mixes and fragments ingested food and propel it slong digestive tract.

A

Motility

67
Q

Grinds and mixes food

A

Segmentation

68
Q

Propels food

A

Peristalsis

69
Q

Periodic contractions followed by relaxation. For mixing and propulsion. Threshold depolarization.

A

Phasic contraction

70
Q

Maintained level of contraction or tone without regular periods of relaxation. Subthreshold depolarization.

A

Tonic contraction

71
Q

Are not action potential but rather oscillating depolarization and repolarization of the membrane potential of the smooth muscle cells

A

Slow waves

72
Q

Origin of slow waves. Pacemaker. Found in myenteric plexus.

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

73
Q

Frequency of slow waves

A

3 waves per minute

12 waves per min in the duodenum

74
Q

Slow waves depolarizing phase

A

Opening of Ca channels

75
Q

Slow waves repolarizing phase

A

Opening of K channels

76
Q

As the rectum fills with feces, the smooth muscle wall of the rectum contracts and the internal anal sphincter relaxes in the

A

Rectosphincteric reflex

77
Q

The chemical breakdown of ingested foods into absorbable molecules

A

Digestion

78
Q

Movement of nutrients, water and electrolytes from the GIT to the blood

A

Absorption

79
Q

Carbohydrate absorption: product and site

A

Monosaccharides. Small intestine.

80
Q

Products of protein digestion

A

AA, dipeptides, tripeptides

81
Q

Site of absorption of protein

A

Small intestine

82
Q

Products of lipid digestion

A

FA, monoglycerol & cholesterol

83
Q

Site of absorption of lipids

A

Small intestine

84
Q

In lipid digestion, Bile salts form ______ in the small intestine. ________ in the cell to triglycerides and phospholipids.

A

Micelles. Reesterification.

85
Q

In lipid digestion, ________ form in the cell (requiring ______) and are transferred to lymph.

A

Chylomicrons. Apoproteins.

Biochemistry (20 decks)

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