Revision Y2 Flashcards
Cellulitis
= bacteral infection of the dermis that is not associated with necrosis
Malignant melanoma
Melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis
Seborrheic keratoses
Can see keratin pearls under the dermascope
Management of candidiasis
1st topical imidazole cream
2nd oral fluconazole
Calcipotriol
Vitamin D analogue
Erythema multiforme
Target lesions with erythema
Triggers: HSV, mycoplasma pneumoniae
Nikolskys sign
The top layer of the skin slip away from the lower layers when slightly rubbed
-> shows plane of cleavage in the epidermis
Splenunculus
Small nodules of spleen that are detached fro the main body of the spleen
White areas at autopsy found in the abdomen
Saponification
= classic feature of acute pancreatitis
Bilateral pleural effusions and heavy lungs at autopsy
Acute pancreatitis
ARDS pathological features
Hyaline membrane formation
Osteoclast
Bone destroyer
Bone found at the epiphysis
Trabecular
Outer shell/shaft of long bone
Cortical
Lines around the osteon
Cement lines
ECM
75% water, 25% organic material
Lucent, painless lesion on x-ray
Simple bone cyst
Tumour often occurring around the knee and distal radius with a soap bubble appearance
Giant cell tumour
A single lucent lesion, often an incidental finding, found most commonly within metaphyseal regions
Simple bone cyst
A tumour extensively involving the proximal femur with cortical thinning and a Sheperd’s crook deformity
Fibrous dysplasia
Osteochondroma
Produces a cony outgrowth in the external surface with a cartilaginous cap
Malignant tumour of unknown histogenesis characterised by the t(11;22) translocation
Ewings Sarcoma
Most common form of primary bone tumour, producing abnormal bone
Most cases seen in younger age groups and 60% involving bones around the knee
Osteosarcoma
A malignant tumour that only rarely occurs in bone and only if the bone is abnormal
Fibrosarcoma
Where are chondrocytes found
Lacuna
Spine affected in RA
C1 and C2
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Over constriction/spasm of the vessels: so white in the cold weather, when they become warm > vessels become red and painful
Test used to diagnose Sjogrens syndrome
Schirmer
Diffuse systemic sclerosis
Pulmonary fibrosis Raynauds Dry eyes Facial telangiectasia Puffy hands
Patellar dislocation
Patella ‘always’ dislocates laterally
Ankylosing spondylitis
Lower back pain, radiating to the buttocks, no precipitant, family history
Extracapsular hip fractures
Limb shortening and external rotation
Positive Thomas Test
Loss of hip extension (early arthritis of the hip)
Flexor digitorum superfacialis
Median Nerve
Flexor digitorum profundus
Median 1/2
Ulnar 1/2
Radial nerve palsy
Wrist drop
= fracture of the humerus
T-score
- 1 and -2.5 = osteopenia
- 2.5 and lower = osteoporosis
Induction of remission - vasculitis
Cyclophosphamide
IV steroids
Maintenance of remission -
vasculitis
Methotrexate
Azathioprine
Transient synovitis
Reluctant to weight bear, range of movement restricted, recent infection
Hypo in the night
Can have morning headache
Long term diabetics risk
Autonomic neuropathy
Symptoms of a hypo which are autonomic disappear
Hydroxycholoroquine
Can cause sudden onset vision loss
Sulfasalazine
Can cause yellow discolouration of body fluids e.g. tears
Starting insulin calculation of dose
1 unit of insulin/kg
1:2 insulin sensitivity
1 unit of insulin lowers the blood glucose by 2 mmol
Absorption of iron
Duodenum
Multi-nodular goitre
Supressed TSH
Normalish levels of T3 and T4
Cortisol action on bone
Increases osteoclastic activity
Saline supression test
Administration of saline should cause the levels of aldosterone to decrease, failure to decrease by 50%
= primary hyperaldosteronism
Drugs used in Cushings
Metyrapone
Ketoconazole
Hypothyroidism signs
Chvotsek sign
Trosseaus sign
Insulin receptor
Tyrosine kinase receptor
Growth Hormone receptor
Cytokine receptor
Calcium
G protein coupled receptor
Action of insulin
Increases hepatic glycogen synthesis
Right Cavernous sinus
NERVES
CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI
Dapagliflosin
SGLT2 inhibitor
also promotes diuresis
SGLT2 channel location
Kidney
SGLT1 channel location
Gut
A 70-year old patient with T2DM presents complaining of fever, sweats and nausea. Examination of foot reveals and ulcer on his left big toe
Management = IV antibiotics immediately
Glomerulosclerosis
Hardening of the glomerulus
Prolactinoma prolactin levels
40,000 average, can be up to 300,000
Toxic multinodular goitre uptake scan
See patches of increased uptake
Graves uptake scan
Whole thyroid would light up
Agranulocytosis
Complication of carbimazole (or PTU), stop taking carbimazole and request urgent FBC
Cabergoline
Dopamine receptor agonist
- used to treat macroprolactinoma
Pegvisomont
Growth hormone receptor antagonist
Phaechromocytoma treatment
Alpha blockers
THEN
Beta blockers
Initial investigation for Conn’s
Paired renin and aldosterone measurement
Uptake scan in carcinoma of the parathyroid
Usually have several hot spots
MEN 1
Prolactinomas
Hyperparathyroidism
Pituitary tumours
1st test for Cushings
Low dose dexamethasone supression test
Test used in acromegaly
Oral glucose tolerance test (look at growth hormone response)
Management of newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes WITH OSMOTIC SYMPTOMS
Diet
Lifestyle
Glicazide
Subclinical Hypothyroidism
When the T4 is still within normal ranges
