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Buzzwords and Revision > Revision Y2 > Flashcards

Revision Y2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cellulitis

A

= bacteral infection of the dermis that is not associated with necrosis

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2
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

Melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis

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3
Q

Seborrheic keratoses

A

Can see keratin pearls under the dermascope

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4
Q

Management of candidiasis

A

1st topical imidazole cream

2nd oral fluconazole

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5
Q

Calcipotriol

A

Vitamin D analogue

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6
Q

Erythema multiforme

A

Target lesions with erythema

Triggers: HSV, mycoplasma pneumoniae

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7
Q

Nikolskys sign

A

The top layer of the skin slip away from the lower layers when slightly rubbed
-> shows plane of cleavage in the epidermis

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8
Q

Splenunculus

A

Small nodules of spleen that are detached fro the main body of the spleen

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9
Q

White areas at autopsy found in the abdomen

A

Saponification

= classic feature of acute pancreatitis

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10
Q

Bilateral pleural effusions and heavy lungs at autopsy

A

Acute pancreatitis

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11
Q

ARDS pathological features

A

Hyaline membrane formation

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12
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone destroyer

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13
Q

Bone found at the epiphysis

A

Trabecular

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14
Q

Outer shell/shaft of long bone

A

Cortical

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15
Q

Lines around the osteon

A

Cement lines

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16
Q

ECM

A

75% water, 25% organic material

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17
Q

Lucent, painless lesion on x-ray

A

Simple bone cyst

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18
Q

Tumour often occurring around the knee and distal radius with a soap bubble appearance

A

Giant cell tumour

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19
Q

A single lucent lesion, often an incidental finding, found most commonly within metaphyseal regions

A

Simple bone cyst

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20
Q

A tumour extensively involving the proximal femur with cortical thinning and a Sheperd’s crook deformity

A

Fibrous dysplasia

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21
Q

Osteochondroma

A

Produces a cony outgrowth in the external surface with a cartilaginous cap

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22
Q

Malignant tumour of unknown histogenesis characterised by the t(11;22) translocation

A

Ewings Sarcoma

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23
Q

Most common form of primary bone tumour, producing abnormal bone
Most cases seen in younger age groups and 60% involving bones around the knee

A

Osteosarcoma

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24
Q

A malignant tumour that only rarely occurs in bone and only if the bone is abnormal

A

Fibrosarcoma

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25
Q

Where are chondrocytes found

A

Lacuna

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26
Q

Spine affected in RA

A

C1 and C2

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27
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon

A

Over constriction/spasm of the vessels: so white in the cold weather, when they become warm > vessels become red and painful

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28
Q

Test used to diagnose Sjogrens syndrome

A

Schirmer

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29
Q

Diffuse systemic sclerosis

A 
Pulmonary fibrosis
Raynauds
Dry eyes
Facial telangiectasia
Puffy hands
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30
Q

Patellar dislocation

A

Patella ‘always’ dislocates laterally

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31
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

Lower back pain, radiating to the buttocks, no precipitant, family history

32
Q

Extracapsular hip fractures

A

Limb shortening and external rotation

33
Q

Positive Thomas Test

A

Loss of hip extension (early arthritis of the hip)

34
Q

Flexor digitorum superfacialis

A

Median Nerve

35
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus

A

Median 1/2

Ulnar 1/2

36
Q

Radial nerve palsy

A

Wrist drop

= fracture of the humerus

37
Q

T-score

A
  • 1 and -2.5 = osteopenia

- 2.5 and lower = osteoporosis

38
Q

Induction of remission - vasculitis

A

Cyclophosphamide

IV steroids

39
Q

Maintenance of remission -

vasculitis

A

Methotrexate

Azathioprine

40
Q

Transient synovitis

A

Reluctant to weight bear, range of movement restricted, recent infection

41
Q

Hypo in the night

A

Can have morning headache

42
Q

Long term diabetics risk

A

Autonomic neuropathy

Symptoms of a hypo which are autonomic disappear

43
Q

Hydroxycholoroquine

A

Can cause sudden onset vision loss

44
Q

Sulfasalazine

A

Can cause yellow discolouration of body fluids e.g. tears

45
Q

Starting insulin calculation of dose

A

1 unit of insulin/kg

46
Q

1:2 insulin sensitivity

A

1 unit of insulin lowers the blood glucose by 2 mmol

47
Q

Absorption of iron

A

Duodenum

48
Q

Multi-nodular goitre

A

Supressed TSH

Normalish levels of T3 and T4

49
Q

Cortisol action on bone

A

Increases osteoclastic activity

50
Q

Saline supression test

A

Administration of saline should cause the levels of aldosterone to decrease, failure to decrease by 50%
= primary hyperaldosteronism

51
Q

Drugs used in Cushings

A

Metyrapone

Ketoconazole

52
Q

Hypothyroidism signs

A

Chvotsek sign

Trosseaus sign

53
Q

Insulin receptor

A

Tyrosine kinase receptor

54
Q

Growth Hormone receptor

A

Cytokine receptor

55
Q

Calcium

A

G protein coupled receptor

56
Q

Action of insulin

A

Increases hepatic glycogen synthesis

57
Q

Right Cavernous sinus

NERVES

A

CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI

58
Q

Dapagliflosin

A

SGLT2 inhibitor

also promotes diuresis

59
Q

SGLT2 channel location

A

Kidney

60
Q

SGLT1 channel location

A

Gut

61
Q

A 70-year old patient with T2DM presents complaining of fever, sweats and nausea. Examination of foot reveals and ulcer on his left big toe

A

Management = IV antibiotics immediately

62
Q

Glomerulosclerosis

A

Hardening of the glomerulus

63
Q

Prolactinoma prolactin levels

A

40,000 average, can be up to 300,000

64
Q

Toxic multinodular goitre uptake scan

A

See patches of increased uptake

65
Q

Graves uptake scan

A

Whole thyroid would light up

66
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

Complication of carbimazole (or PTU), stop taking carbimazole and request urgent FBC

67
Q

Cabergoline

A

Dopamine receptor agonist

- used to treat macroprolactinoma

68
Q

Pegvisomont

A

Growth hormone receptor antagonist

69
Q

Phaechromocytoma treatment

A

Alpha blockers
THEN
Beta blockers

70
Q

Initial investigation for Conn’s

A

Paired renin and aldosterone measurement

71
Q

Uptake scan in carcinoma of the parathyroid

A

Usually have several hot spots

72
Q

MEN 1

A

Prolactinomas
Hyperparathyroidism
Pituitary tumours

73
Q

1st test for Cushings

A

Low dose dexamethasone supression test

74
Q

Test used in acromegaly

A

Oral glucose tolerance test (look at growth hormone response)

75
Q

Management of newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes WITH OSMOTIC SYMPTOMS

A

Diet
Lifestyle
Glicazide

76
Q

Subclinical Hypothyroidism

A

When the T4 is still within normal ranges

Buzzwords and Revision (20 decks)

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