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Buzzwords and Revision > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Ischaemia on ECG

A

ST depression

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2
Q

Left BBB on ECG

A
  • A delay in the contraction of the left ventricle

- May see the depolarisation of both the ventricles separately on the ECG

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3
Q

Complete Heart Block on the ECG

A

Gives a regular heart rate on the ECG

No relation between the P and Q waves

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4
Q

PGE2

A

Maintains the ductus arteriosus

> If open at birth, then give a prostaglandin inhibitor

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5
Q

Chronotropic

A

Changes the heart rate

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6
Q

Inotropic

A

Changes the heart force of contraction

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7
Q

Collapsing Pulse

A

Aortic Regurgitation

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8
Q

Afterload

A

The pressure on the wall of the left ventricle

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9
Q

Increased Afterload (causes)

A

Systemic Hypertension
Pulmonary Hypertension
Aortic Stenosis (must overcome the pressure gradient)
Aortic Regurgitation

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10
Q

Decreased Afterload

A

Mitral Regurgitation (decreases the afterload as there is an extra pathway for the blood to move)

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11
Q

Causative Organism in CAP after recent influenza infection

A

Staph. aureus

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12
Q

Causative Organism of Gastroenteritis after eating rice/starchy foods

A

Bacillus cereus

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13
Q

Anterior leads show STEMI changes

A

LAD

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14
Q

Inferior leads show STEMI changes

A

Right coronary

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15
Q

Lateral leads show STEMI changes

A

Left circumflex

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16
Q

Odynophagia

A

Painful swallowing

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17
Q

Summary of the action of PPIs

A

Irreversible blockade of H+/K+/ATPase channels

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18
Q

Tenesmus

A

Cramping rectal pain, feeling that need to have a bowel movement even if have just had one

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19
Q

Rosving’s sign

A

Pain experienced in the RIF when pressure is applied to the LIF = acute appendicitis

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20
Q

Hyperkalaemia on the ECG

A
  • Tall tented T waves
  • Small/absent P waves
  • Increased PR interval and wide QRS complex
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21
Q

Treatment of hyperkalaemia

A

Insulin (moves extracellular potassium into the cells)

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22
Q

What is WPW syndrome a result of?

A

An accessory pathway

23
Q

Post MI drug routine

A

ACE inhibtor
B-Blocker
Aspirin
Statins

24
Q

Transmission of signals from the carotid sinus to the medulla

A

Afferents travel via CN IX

25
Q

Transmission of signals from aortic baroreceptors

A

Afferents travel in the vagus nerve (CN X)

26
Q

Action of Baroreceptors

A

Increase the rate of firing as the blood pressure increases (working to reduce blood pressure)

27
Q

Causes of exacerbation of bronchiectasis

A

H. influenzae

28
Q

Causes of croup

A

Parainfluenza viruses

29
Q

Pathophysiology of Oedema in CLD

A

Reduced albumin synthesis = hypoalbuminaemia

30
Q

Pathophysiology of Ascites in CLD

A

Hypoalbuminaemia
Secondary hyperaldosteronism
(Aldosterone causes water and sodium retention)
Portal Hypertension

31
Q

Haematemesis

A

Ruptured oesophageal varices due to portal hypertension

32
Q

Spider naevi/gynaecomastia

A

Hyperoestrogenism

33
Q

Bleeding and purpura

A

Reduced clotting factor synthesis

34
Q

Coma

A

Failure to eliminate toxic gut bacterial metabolites

35
Q

Respiratory Causes of Clubbing

A 
Bronchial Carcinoma
Bronchiectasis
Lung Abscess
Empyema
Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis
Pleural/Mediastinal Tumours
36
Q

Cardiovascular Causes of Clubbing

A

Cyanotic Heart Disease
Sub-acute infective endocarditis
Atrial myxoma

37
Q

Other Causes of Clubbing

A

Congenital
Cirrhosis
IBD

38
Q

Childhood causes of Bronchiectasis

A

Pneumonia
Whooping Cough
Measles

39
Q

Chylothorax

A

Presence of Lymphatic Fluid in the pleural space (2y to leakage from the thoracic duct)

40
Q

Hypokalaemia on ECG

A

U waves

41
Q

CF mutation

A

The CFTR gene

Chromosome 7

42
Q

Bifurcation of the trachea

A

T4

43
Q

Boot-shaped Heart on x-ray

A

Pericardial Effusion

44
Q

Treatment of Wilson’s Disease

A

Penicillamine and low Copper diet

45
Q

Seperation of the subclavian vein and subclavian artery

A

The anterior scalene muscle

46
Q

Macrophages and Lipid take up

A

Macrophages take up lipids by apolipoprotein B100

47
Q

Molecules expressed by endothelial cells in pro-atherosclerotic conditions

A

VCAM-1

48
Q

Primary Event in AAA

A

Loss of elastic fibres from the media

49
Q

Cannon A waves

A

Atria contracting against a closed tricuspid valve

Increases the JVP dramatically

50
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Secrete HCl, Ca, Na, Mg and intrinsic factor

51
Q

Chief Cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen

52
Q

Surface Mucosal Cells

A

Secrete mucus and bicarbonate

53
Q

Duodenal Ulcers

A
  • Can invade the gastroduodenal artery

= major bleeding

54
Q

Immunoglobulin pattern of alcoholic liver disease

A

Elevation of IgA

Buzzwords and Revision (20 decks)

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