Revision Flashcards
Ischaemia on ECG
ST depression
Left BBB on ECG
- A delay in the contraction of the left ventricle
- May see the depolarisation of both the ventricles separately on the ECG
Complete Heart Block on the ECG
Gives a regular heart rate on the ECG
No relation between the P and Q waves
PGE2
Maintains the ductus arteriosus
> If open at birth, then give a prostaglandin inhibitor
Chronotropic
Changes the heart rate
Inotropic
Changes the heart force of contraction
Collapsing Pulse
Aortic Regurgitation
Afterload
The pressure on the wall of the left ventricle
Increased Afterload (causes)
Systemic Hypertension
Pulmonary Hypertension
Aortic Stenosis (must overcome the pressure gradient)
Aortic Regurgitation
Decreased Afterload
Mitral Regurgitation (decreases the afterload as there is an extra pathway for the blood to move)
Causative Organism in CAP after recent influenza infection
Staph. aureus
Causative Organism of Gastroenteritis after eating rice/starchy foods
Bacillus cereus
Anterior leads show STEMI changes
LAD
Inferior leads show STEMI changes
Right coronary
Lateral leads show STEMI changes
Left circumflex
Odynophagia
Painful swallowing
Summary of the action of PPIs
Irreversible blockade of H+/K+/ATPase channels
Tenesmus
Cramping rectal pain, feeling that need to have a bowel movement even if have just had one
Rosving’s sign
Pain experienced in the RIF when pressure is applied to the LIF = acute appendicitis
Hyperkalaemia on the ECG
- Tall tented T waves
- Small/absent P waves
- Increased PR interval and wide QRS complex
Treatment of hyperkalaemia
Insulin (moves extracellular potassium into the cells)
What is WPW syndrome a result of?
An accessory pathway
Post MI drug routine
ACE inhibtor
B-Blocker
Aspirin
Statins
Transmission of signals from the carotid sinus to the medulla
Afferents travel via CN IX
Transmission of signals from aortic baroreceptors
Afferents travel in the vagus nerve (CN X)
Action of Baroreceptors
Increase the rate of firing as the blood pressure increases (working to reduce blood pressure)
Causes of exacerbation of bronchiectasis
H. influenzae
Causes of croup
Parainfluenza viruses
Pathophysiology of Oedema in CLD
Reduced albumin synthesis = hypoalbuminaemia
Pathophysiology of Ascites in CLD
Hypoalbuminaemia
Secondary hyperaldosteronism
(Aldosterone causes water and sodium retention)
Portal Hypertension
Haematemesis
Ruptured oesophageal varices due to portal hypertension
Spider naevi/gynaecomastia
Hyperoestrogenism
Bleeding and purpura
Reduced clotting factor synthesis
Coma
Failure to eliminate toxic gut bacterial metabolites
Respiratory Causes of Clubbing
Bronchial Carcinoma Bronchiectasis Lung Abscess Empyema Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis Pleural/Mediastinal Tumours
Cardiovascular Causes of Clubbing
Cyanotic Heart Disease
Sub-acute infective endocarditis
Atrial myxoma
Other Causes of Clubbing
Congenital
Cirrhosis
IBD
Childhood causes of Bronchiectasis
Pneumonia
Whooping Cough
Measles
Chylothorax
Presence of Lymphatic Fluid in the pleural space (2y to leakage from the thoracic duct)
Hypokalaemia on ECG
U waves
CF mutation
The CFTR gene
Chromosome 7
Bifurcation of the trachea
T4
Boot-shaped Heart on x-ray
Pericardial Effusion
Treatment of Wilson’s Disease
Penicillamine and low Copper diet
Seperation of the subclavian vein and subclavian artery
The anterior scalene muscle
Macrophages and Lipid take up
Macrophages take up lipids by apolipoprotein B100
Molecules expressed by endothelial cells in pro-atherosclerotic conditions
VCAM-1
Primary Event in AAA
Loss of elastic fibres from the media
Cannon A waves
Atria contracting against a closed tricuspid valve
Increases the JVP dramatically
Parietal Cells
Secrete HCl, Ca, Na, Mg and intrinsic factor
Chief Cells
Secrete pepsinogen
Surface Mucosal Cells
Secrete mucus and bicarbonate
Duodenal Ulcers
- Can invade the gastroduodenal artery
= major bleeding
Immunoglobulin pattern of alcoholic liver disease
Elevation of IgA
