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Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Ig found in mucosa

A

IgA

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2
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modify and pack secretions

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3
Q

Mesoderm

A

Organs

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4
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

Vmax DOESN’T change

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5
Q

HPV virus: viral oncogenes

A

E7 - prevents the binding of Rb (which in turn prevents mitosis from being stopped)
E6 - promotes destruction of p53

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6
Q

Interferon release

A

In response to viral infections

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7
Q

beta-haemolytic

A

Complete Haemolysis
= Group A strep
= Group B strep

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8
Q

Affinity

A

Strength of association between ligand and receptor

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9
Q

alpha-haemolytic

A

Partial Haemolysis
= strep pneumoniae
= strep viridans

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10
Q

Lymphatics: movement of content

A

Have valves

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11
Q

X Inactivation

A

Occurs in females

Usually by methylation

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12
Q

Normal Process of Apoptosis

A
  • p53 INCREASES levels of BAX
  • BAX stops the production of BCl2
    BCl2 = anti-apoptotic molecule
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13
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Produce a negative Gibb’s Energy

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14
Q

Interleukin release

A

Stimulate cell division

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15
Q

Regeneration of ATP

A

Creatine Phosphate

Hydrolysis

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16
Q

Mucosa

A

Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis Mucosae

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17
Q

IL-4

A

Stimulates B cells

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18
Q

TCA Cycle

A

Produces citrate

= 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

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19
Q

Frame for Translation

A

Methionine

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20
Q

non-haemolytic

A

Enterococcus sp

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21
Q

Which produces endotoxin?

A

Gram Negative

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22
Q

Agonist

A

A drug that binds to a receptor to produce a cellular response

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23
Q

Histamine

A

Vasodilation, vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction

Produced: mast cells, eosinophils, basophils

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24
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic

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25
Tetracyclines
Inhibit protein synthesis - 30S
26
Growth Receptors
Receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity 7 Transmembrane G-coupled receptors Receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
27
G Protein Coupled Receptors
- Agonist binds to the receptor | - Alpha sub-unit binds to the signal
28
Supply to the umbilicus
T10
29
Direction of DNA reading
5' > 3'
30
Glycogen Storage Disease
= defective conversion of glucose-6-phosphate in glycogen breakdown
31
Erection
Parasympathetic
32
MAP
diastolic +1/3 (systolic - diastolic)
33
GLUT 4
Heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue | = insulin stimulated uptake of glucose
34
Edward's Syndrome
Three copies of chromosome 18 | More severe and fatal
35
Differentiate between Streptococcus sp
Haemolysis
36
Transpyloric plane
L1
37
Inhibition (P450 enzyme system)
Usually a more rapid process
38
How does radiation damage DNA?
Allows formation of pyrimidine dimers
39
Key enzyme of glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
40
Stages of Embryogenesis
``` Gametogenesis Fertilisation Cleavage Gastrulation Organogenesis ```
41
Mitosis
One diploid parent cell - two diploid daughter cells
42
Atrophy
Decrease in cell number and cell size
43
Down's Syndrome
Trisomy 21
44
BRAF
Colonic malignancies
45
Metronidazole
Damages DNA
46
Huntingdon's Chromosome
Defect on chromosome 4
47
Glycopeptides
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
48
Stable Cells
Divide upon stimulation | e.g. hepatocytes
49
Site of fertilisation
Ampulla
50
When 50% of the drug ionised and 50% of the drug unionised
pKa=pH
51
Surrounding of the oocyte
Zona pellucida
52
Macrolides
Inhibit protein synthesis - 50S
53
Induction (P450 enzyme system)
Requires prolonged exposure to a drug/factor
54
Which produces exotoxin?
Gram Positive
55
Glycolysis
``` 1. Glucose Fructose-1,6-biphosphate = cleaves 2 ADP 2. 2TP 2 Pyruvate = cleaves 4 ATP and 2 NADH+ - Occurs in cell cytoplasm ```
56
Replication
Semi-conservative | Catalysed by DNA polymerase
57
Tumour suppressor genes
p53/APC/BRAC1 | - Inhibit cell growth and stimulate death
58
Principal Ligand for LDL clearance receptor
Apoprotein B100 | Found in hepatocytes
59
IL-6
Fever | Differentiation of B cells
60
Ectoderm
Skin, nervous system
61
Yield of ATP from 1 Glucose
30-32 ATP molecules
62
IL-8
Chemotaxis
63
INF-gamma
Activates Macrophages | Produced by TH1 cells
64
Rifampicin
Inhibits RNA synthesis
65
Role of smooth ER
Cholesterol and lipid synthesis
66
Endoderm
Gut lining, lung bud
67
aCGH
Allows unbalanced chromosomal defects to be seen - like gains or losses of chromosomes
68
C-KIT
= receptor tyrosine kinase | e.g. GI stromal tumours, leukaemia
69
Location of sperm production
Seminiferous tubules
70
Henderson Hasselbach Eqn
pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]
71
High Km
A large amount of enzyme is needed
72
Mechanism of Enzymes
- Reduce the size of the activation energy: stabilise the transition state
73
Quinolones
Inhibit DNA synthesis
74
Acute Phase Proteins
CRP Ferritin Alpha- 1 AT Complement
75
Link Reaction
Pyruvate > Acetyl CoA | Irreversible reaction
76
Supply to the male nipple
T4
77
Aneuploidy
Whole extra/missing chromosome
78
Endergonic Reactions
Produce a positive Gibb's Energy
79
Myc
= BURKITT LYMPHOMA has a translocation of 8:14 Myc | - It is a nuclear transcription factor
80
Non-competitive Inhibition
Kw DOESN'T change
81
Volume of Distribution
dose OR amount drug in body _______________________ plasma concentration
82
Cephalosporins
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
83
BL Acid
Proton Donor
84
FISH
Used to bind to the chromosome
85
Antagonist
A drug that blocks the action of an agonist
86
Steven-Johnson Syndrome
Reaction to amoxicillin
87
BL Base
Proton Acceptor
88
Low Km
Only a small amount of enzyme is needed
89
Lysosomes
Hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion
90
GLUT 2
Liver, pancreatic B cell, small intestine, kidney | = rapid uptake and release of glucose
91
Carbopenems
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
92
Aminoglycosides
Inhibit protein synthesis - 30S
93
Classical oncogenes
ras/myc | - Stimulate cell growth and inhibit death
94
Penicillins
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
95
Summary of Transcription
``` RNA polymerase DNA chain separation Transcription initiation Elongation Termination ```
96
RAS
- Allows GTP binding | e. g. colon, bladder, pancreatic, lung
97
GLUT 5
Small intestine | = absorption of glucose
98
Metal Ions
Act as cofactors
99
Coenzymes
Vitamins | NAD+ > NADH
100
FAP
APC gene found on chromosome 5
101
Naming process (embryology)
Conceptus - until Wk3 Embryo - Wk 4-9 Foetus
102
Location of p53
Chromosome 17
103
Butterfly Rash
SLE (Lupus)
104
Labile Cells
Divide continuously
105
Summary of Translation
Initiation Elongation Termination

Buzzwords and Revision (20 decks)

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