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Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Ig found in mucosa

A

IgA

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2
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modify and pack secretions

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3
Q

Mesoderm

A

Organs

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4
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

Vmax DOESN’T change

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5
Q

HPV virus: viral oncogenes

A

E7 - prevents the binding of Rb (which in turn prevents mitosis from being stopped)
E6 - promotes destruction of p53

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6
Q

Interferon release

A

In response to viral infections

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7
Q

beta-haemolytic

A

Complete Haemolysis
= Group A strep
= Group B strep

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8
Q

Affinity

A

Strength of association between ligand and receptor

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9
Q

alpha-haemolytic

A

Partial Haemolysis
= strep pneumoniae
= strep viridans

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10
Q

Lymphatics: movement of content

A

Have valves

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11
Q

X Inactivation

A

Occurs in females

Usually by methylation

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12
Q

Normal Process of Apoptosis

A
  • p53 INCREASES levels of BAX
  • BAX stops the production of BCl2
    BCl2 = anti-apoptotic molecule
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13
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Produce a negative Gibb’s Energy

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14
Q

Interleukin release

A

Stimulate cell division

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15
Q

Regeneration of ATP

A

Creatine Phosphate

Hydrolysis

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16
Q

Mucosa

A

Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis Mucosae

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17
Q

IL-4

A

Stimulates B cells

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18
Q

TCA Cycle

A

Produces citrate

= 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

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19
Q

Frame for Translation

A

Methionine

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20
Q

non-haemolytic

A

Enterococcus sp

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21
Q

Which produces endotoxin?

A

Gram Negative

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22
Q

Agonist

A

A drug that binds to a receptor to produce a cellular response

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23
Q

Histamine

A

Vasodilation, vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction

Produced: mast cells, eosinophils, basophils

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24
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic

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25
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Inhibit protein synthesis - 30S

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26
Q

Growth Receptors

A

Receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
7 Transmembrane G-coupled receptors
Receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity

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27
Q

G Protein Coupled Receptors

A
  • Agonist binds to the receptor

- Alpha sub-unit binds to the signal

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28
Q

Supply to the umbilicus

A

T10

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29
Q

Direction of DNA reading

A

5’ > 3’

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30
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

A

= defective conversion of glucose-6-phosphate in glycogen breakdown

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31
Q

Erection

A

Parasympathetic

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32
Q

MAP

A

diastolic +1/3 (systolic - diastolic)

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33
Q

GLUT 4

A

Heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

= insulin stimulated uptake of glucose

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34
Q

Edward’s Syndrome

A

Three copies of chromosome 18

More severe and fatal

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35
Q

Differentiate between Streptococcus sp

A

Haemolysis

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36
Q

Transpyloric plane

A

L1

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37
Q

Inhibition (P450 enzyme system)

A

Usually a more rapid process

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38
Q

How does radiation damage DNA?

A

Allows formation of pyrimidine dimers

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39
Q

Key enzyme of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase

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40
Q

Stages of Embryogenesis

A 
Gametogenesis
Fertilisation
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Organogenesis
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41
Q

Mitosis

A

One diploid parent cell - two diploid daughter cells

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42
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell number and cell size

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43
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

44
Q

BRAF

A

Colonic malignancies

45
Q

Metronidazole

A

Damages DNA

46
Q

Huntingdon’s Chromosome

A

Defect on chromosome 4

47
Q

Glycopeptides

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

48
Q

Stable Cells

A

Divide upon stimulation

e.g. hepatocytes

49
Q

Site of fertilisation

50
Q

When 50% of the drug ionised and 50% of the drug unionised

51
Q

Surrounding of the oocyte

A

Zona pellucida

52
Q

Macrolides

A

Inhibit protein synthesis - 50S

53
Q

Induction (P450 enzyme system)

A

Requires prolonged exposure to a drug/factor

54
Q

Which produces exotoxin?

A

Gram Positive

55
Q

Glycolysis

A 
1. Glucose
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
= cleaves 2 ADP
2. 2TP 
2 Pyruvate
= cleaves 4 ATP and 2 NADH+
- Occurs in cell cytoplasm
56
Q

Replication

A

Semi-conservative

Catalysed by DNA polymerase

57
Q

Tumour suppressor genes

A

p53/APC/BRAC1

- Inhibit cell growth and stimulate death

58
Q

Principal Ligand for LDL clearance receptor

A

Apoprotein B100

Found in hepatocytes

59
Q

IL-6

A

Fever

Differentiation of B cells

60
Q

Ectoderm

A

Skin, nervous system

61
Q

Yield of ATP from 1 Glucose

A

30-32 ATP molecules

62
Q

IL-8

A

Chemotaxis

63
Q

INF-gamma

A

Activates Macrophages

Produced by TH1 cells

64
Q

Rifampicin

A

Inhibits RNA synthesis

65
Q

Role of smooth ER

A

Cholesterol and lipid synthesis

66
Q

Endoderm

A

Gut lining, lung bud

67
Q

aCGH

A

Allows unbalanced chromosomal defects to be seen - like gains or losses of chromosomes

68
Q

C-KIT

A

= receptor tyrosine kinase

e.g. GI stromal tumours, leukaemia

69
Q

Location of sperm production

A

Seminiferous tubules

70
Q

Henderson Hasselbach Eqn

A

pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]

71
Q

High Km

A

A large amount of enzyme is needed

72
Q

Mechanism of Enzymes

A
  • Reduce the size of the activation energy: stabilise the transition state
73
Q

Quinolones

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis

74
Q

Acute Phase Proteins

A

CRP
Ferritin
Alpha- 1 AT
Complement

75
Q

Link Reaction

A

Pyruvate > Acetyl CoA

Irreversible reaction

76
Q

Supply to the male nipple

77
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Whole extra/missing chromosome

78
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Produce a positive Gibb’s Energy

79
Q

Myc

A

= BURKITT LYMPHOMA has a translocation of 8:14 Myc

- It is a nuclear transcription factor

80
Q

Non-competitive Inhibition

A

Kw DOESN’T change

81
Q

Volume of Distribution

A

dose OR amount drug in body
_______________________
plasma concentration

82
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

83
Q

BL Acid

A

Proton Donor

84
Q

FISH

A

Used to bind to the chromosome

85
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that blocks the action of an agonist

86
Q

Steven-Johnson Syndrome

A

Reaction to amoxicillin

87
Q

BL Base

A

Proton Acceptor

88
Q

Low Km

A

Only a small amount of enzyme is needed

89
Q

Lysosomes

A

Hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

90
Q

GLUT 2

A

Liver, pancreatic B cell, small intestine, kidney

= rapid uptake and release of glucose

91
Q

Carbopenems

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

92
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Inhibit protein synthesis - 30S

93
Q

Classical oncogenes

A

ras/myc

- Stimulate cell growth and inhibit death

94
Q

Penicillins

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

95
Q

Summary of Transcription

A 
RNA polymerase
DNA chain separation
Transcription initiation
Elongation
Termination
96
Q

RAS

A
  • Allows GTP binding

e. g. colon, bladder, pancreatic, lung

97
Q

GLUT 5

A

Small intestine

= absorption of glucose

98
Q

Metal Ions

A

Act as cofactors

99
Q

Coenzymes

A

Vitamins

NAD+ > NADH

100
Q

FAP

A

APC gene found on chromosome 5

101
Q

Naming process (embryology)

A

Conceptus - until Wk3
Embryo - Wk 4-9
Foetus

102
Q

Location of p53

A

Chromosome 17

103
Q

Butterfly Rash

A

SLE (Lupus)

104
Q

Labile Cells

A

Divide continuously

105
Q

Summary of Translation

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Buzzwords and Revision (20 decks)

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