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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where in the heart is the pacemaker located?

A

In the Wall of right atrium

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2
Q

State one location of a semi-lunar valve.

A

Between the right ventricle and base of pulmonary artery

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3
Q

Name two substances other than food molecules and water found in the blood.
State where in the body they enter the the blood at.

A

Urea- Liver

Hormones- endocrine gland

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4
Q

What is the role of the sinotrial (SA) node?

A

Generates electrical impulses and causes contractions in the atria. (Atrial systole)

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5
Q

Where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located?

A

In the septum near the tricuspid valve

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6
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

Generates electrical impulses and causes contractions in the ventricles (Ventricular systole)

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7
Q

What exactly is being measured when a person’s blood pressure is taken?

A

The force of the blood against the wall of the artery

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8
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

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9
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A
  • Allows for efficient metabolic activity

- Keeps temperature suitable for enzyme reactions

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10
Q

What causes the brain to start inhalation?

A

Increased CO2 in the blood

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11
Q

Define mitosis.

A

Nuclear division forming two identical daughter cells

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12
Q

State two differences between mitosis and meiosis.

A

Meiosis-

  • Has variation, does not produce identical cells
  • Chromosome number is halved
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13
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Means that there are two of each chromosome/ the chromosomes are in pairs

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14
Q

After the telophase of mitosis, how do animal cells split in two?

A

Cleavage furrow formation

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15
Q

After the telophase of mitosis, how do plant cells split in two?

A

Cell plate formation

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16
Q

What is the function of mitosis in single celled organisms?

A

Asexual reproduction

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17
Q

What it the purpose of mitosis in multi-celled organisms?

A

Tissue growth and repair

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18
Q

What does activation energy mean?

A

Energy needed to start a reaction.

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19
Q

What human enzyme has an optimum pH that is not 7?

A

Pepsin

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20
Q

Name the enzyme used in the experiment

A

Catalase

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21
Q

What reaction takes place when using the enzyme catalase?

A

Converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.

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22
Q

Name two substances used to immboilise enzymes or yeast.

A
  • Sodium alginate

- Calcium chloride

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23
Q

Explain the term ‘cell’

A

Smallest unit that exhibits the characteristics of life.

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24
Q

Explain the term ‘organelle’

A

Performs specific functions in the cell

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25
Q

What is the function of ground tissue and where is it found in a plant?

A

Function- structural

Location- Between dermal and vascular tissue

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26
Q

Name an animal and plant cell organelle other than the nucleus that contains genetic material.

A
  • Mitochondrion

- Chloroplast

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27
Q

Name the organ in the body in which deamination occurs.

A

Liver

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28
Q

Where is the site of production of sodium bicarbonate in relation to the digestive system?

A

Pancreas

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29
Q

What is nutrient recycling?

A

Is the way in which elements such as carbon and nitrogen are exchanged between living and non-living components of an ecosystem.

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30
Q

What is a food web?

A

A series of interconnected food chains

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31
Q

What are primary consumers?

A

They feed on producers (plants)

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32
Q

Name one abiotic factor.

A

Light intensity

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33
Q

State two ways in which carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere.

A
  • Respiration

- Decomposition

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34
Q

What role does nitrogen-fixing bacteria play?

A

They convert nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3)

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35
Q

What role does nitrifying bacteria play?

A

Converts ammonia (NH3) to nitrite and then into nitrate

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36
Q

Name a group of organism that return nitrogen to the air.

A

Denitrifying bacteria

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37
Q

Name a compound excreted by animals that returns nitrogen to the environment

A

Urea/urine

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38
Q

Name two ways that nitrogen can be artificially added to the soil.

A
  • Slurry

- Artificial fertiliser

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39
Q

What does habitat mean?

A

The area in which an organism lives

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40
Q

What does community mean?

A

All of the organisms in an area

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41
Q

What does population mean?

A

All of the organisms of a particular species living in an area

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42
Q

Apart from nutrition, name another function of agar.

A

Provides a medium for growth

43
Q

How are agar plates full of yeast safely disposed of after the experiment?

A

Autoclave

44
Q

What sign is there that fermentation is taking place?

A

Bubbles of CO2 gas being released

45
Q

Where in the cell does the dark stage take place?

A

Chloroplast

46
Q

What type of agar is best suited for optimal growth of yeast and other fungi?

A

Malt agar

47
Q

How do you identify the leaf yeast on the agar?

A

Presence of pink colonies

48
Q

Whats the relationship between schwann cells and the myelin sheath?

A

Schwann cells make the myelin sheath

49
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Region where two neurons come into close contact

50
Q

Why are neurotransmitters required to carry the impulse across a synapse?

A

Electrical impulses cannot cross the synaptic cleft

51
Q

What activates the neurotransmitters?

A

Ions

52
Q

What is the fate of the neurotransmitters after an impulse has crossed the synapse?

A

They are inactivated by enzymes and reabsorbed

53
Q

How many directions can impulses travel in?

A

Only one.

54
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s disease?

A

A lack of dopamine

55
Q

Treatments for Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Levadopa
  • Dopamine agonists
  • Physiotherapy
56
Q

What light do rods detect?

A

Black and white, work in dim light

57
Q

What light do cones detect?

A

Colour, works in bright light

58
Q

For a new species to be formed, what conditions must be met by all of the offspring?

A

They must be fertile

59
Q

What does the term non-coding DNA mean?

A

Does not carry the information to make a protein

60
Q

Name the sugar found in DNA nucleotides.

A

Deoxyribose

61
Q

What type of bonding is found between complementary base pairs?

A

Hydrogen bonding

62
Q

Name the biologically active entities, each of which contains only one type of nucleic acid.

A

Viruses

63
Q

Name two locations in eukaryotic cells where only RNA is found

A
  • Ribosomes

- Cytoplasm

64
Q

Name the tissue in the pancreas that produces insulin

A

Islets of Langerhans

65
Q

Name the biochemical pathway common to aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Glycolysis

66
Q

In what part of the cell does glycolysis takes place?

A

Cytosol

67
Q

During the first stage of photosynthesis, energised electrons enter two pathways, known as pathway 1 and pathway 2. Where do these energised electrons come from?

A

Chlorophyll

68
Q

What is the name given to the group of compounds described by this general formula CxH2Oy?

A

Carbohydrates

69
Q

What is the role of the anther?

A

Produces pollen grains that produce male gametes

70
Q

What is the role of the receptacle?

A

Forms the base of the flower.

71
Q

What is the role of the sepal?

A
  • Protects the flower bud before it blooms
  • Involved in photosynthesis
  • Attracts insects
72
Q

Explain the term pollination.

A

-The transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the carpel.

73
Q

Describe how pollen grains develop from microspore mother cells.

A
  • Microspore mother cell diploid
  • Divides by meiosis in anther
  • To form four haploid microspores which become pollen spores
74
Q

Describe the further development of a pollen grain to form two male gametes.

A
  • Each pollen grain divides by mitosis
  • To form generative nucleus
  • Pollen grain matures
  • Wall forms
  • Generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form 2 male gametes
75
Q

What happens to the two male gametes during fertilisation?

A
  • One male gamete fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote
  • One male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm.
76
Q

Following fertilisation what part of the flower becomes the seed?

A

The ovule

77
Q

Mention two ways in which knowledge of seed dormancy is advantageous.

A
  • Can allow grower to provide optimum storage conditions for seeds
  • Can maximise growing season
78
Q

Explain the term tropism.

A

A growth response of a plant to a directional stimulus

79
Q

What is a plant growth regulator?

A

A chemical that, at very low concentrations affects the development of a plant

80
Q

What growth regulator ripens fruit?

A

Ethene

81
Q

Identify the hormone that regulates a plant’s growth responses to light.

A

Auxin

82
Q

What term is used to denote the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The Nephron

83
Q

What is the dilute solution produced by the nephron called in the early stages of the process of urine formation?

A

The glomerular filtrate

84
Q

Name the hormone which controls urine volume.

A

Anti- diuretic hormone (ADH)

85
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

The pituitary gland

86
Q

Which precise area in the kidney does ADH target?

A
  • Collecting duct

- Distal convoluted tubule

87
Q

One part of the human male reproductive system has both an exocrine and an endocrine function. Name them.

A

The testes.
Exocrine- produces sperm
Endocrine- produces testosterone

88
Q

Name two circuits that make up the human circulatory system.

A
  • Systemic Circuit

- Pulmonary Circuit

89
Q

Which circulatory circuit has blood pumped by the right ventricle of the heart?

A

Pulmonary circuit

90
Q

Name the two substances which help maintain the shape of the eye.

A
  • Aqueous humour

- Vitreous humour

91
Q

Where is the aqueous humour located?

A

Chamber in front of the lens

92
Q

Where is the vitreous humour located?

A

Chamber behind the lens

93
Q

How did you distinguish between the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the heart?

A
  • Ventral surface is more rounded

- Thick-walled arteries are on ventral surface

94
Q

Name the site of filtration in the nephron.

A

Glomerulus/ Bowman’s capsule

95
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located, what is function and name of the main hormone it produces.

A
  • Neck
  • Thyroxine
  • Controls rate of metabolism
96
Q

Where is the thymus gland located, what is function and name of the main hormone it produces

A
  • Behind the breastbone in the upper chest
  • Thymosin
  • Matures and activates lymphocytes
97
Q

Where are the adrenals glands located, what is their function and name of the main hormone they produce.

A
  • Top of the kidneys
  • Adrenaline
  • Fight or flight response
98
Q

Why does insulin have to be injected?

A

It is a protein and would be digested if taken orally.

99
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The artificial manipulation of genes.

100
Q

State one application of genetic engineering in plants.

A

-Herbicide resistant plants

101
Q

State one application of genetic engineering in micro-organisms.

A

-Production of hormones, eg. insulin

102
Q

What is meant by the term sex-linked?

A

The gene controlling a certain characteristic is located on the X (or sex) chromosome

103
Q

What is the term to describe a person who has a gene for colour blindness but who does not exhibit the condition?

A

Carrier

Biology LC (28 decks)

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