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Biology LC > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Nutrition: definition

A

The way an organism obtains and uses its food

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2
Q

Autotrophic: definition

A

A type of nutrition where an organism makes its own food. eg. certain plants

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3
Q

Heterotrophic: definition

A

A type of nutrition where an organism cannot make its own food.

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4
Q

Herbivores: definition

A

Animals that only feed on plants. eg. rabbits

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5
Q

Carnivores: definition

A

Animals that only feed on other animals. eg. fox

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6
Q

Omnivores: definition

A

Animals that feed on plants and animals. eg. badger

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7
Q

Digestion: definition

A

The physical and chemical breakdown of food into soluble particles small enough to pass into the body’s cells.

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8
Q

Why do we need digestion?

A

To break down large food particles until they are small enough to pass into body cells.

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9
Q

Why do we need a digestion system?

A
  1. Food can be digested in a single location

2. Individual cells do not have to contain all the digestive enzymes.

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10
Q

What are the four stages in human nutrition?

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Egestion

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11
Q

Ingestion: definition

A

Food is taken into the alimentary canal

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12
Q

Digestion: definition

A

Food is broken down into smaller soluble pieces

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13
Q

Absorption: definition

A

The movement of digested food from the alimentary canal into the blood system

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14
Q

Egestion: definition

A

Removal of unabsorbed material as faeces

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15
Q

What is the role of the mouth in the digestive system?

A
  • Physical/ mechanical digestion by chewing action of the teeth.
  • Results in smaller particles, easier to swallow and greater surface area for digestion
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16
Q

Name the four types of teeth.

A
  • Incisors
  • Canines
  • Premolars
  • Molars
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17
Q

What do incisors do?

A
  • Sharp edges

- Cuts, slices and bites

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18
Q

What do canines do?

A
  • Long and pointed

- Grip, stab and tear food

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19
Q

What do premolars do?

A
  • Have cusps

- They crush and chew food

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20
Q

What do molars do?

A
  • Large teeth at the back

- Crush and chew food

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21
Q

What is the human dental formula?

A

-32 teeth in a full set of human permanent teeth.

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22
Q

What is the human dental formula for a human adult?

A

2( i 2/2 c 1/1 pm 2/2 m 3/3)

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23
Q

Does chemical digestion take place in the mouth?

A

Yes it does-

due to the presence of the enzyme amylase

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24
Q

Describe saliva.

A
  • Secreted by 3 pairs of salivary glands

- Consists of water, salt, mucous, amylase and lysozyme

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25
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

Helps kill micro-organisms

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26
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

-Carries food from the mouth to the stomach

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27
Q

How is the movement of food assisted down the oesophagus?

A
  • By mucous (saliva and produced by wall of oesophagus)

- Peristalsis

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28
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

An involuntary wave of muscular contraction

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29
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Breaks food mechanically, mixes food with gastric juice, forces chyme into the small intestine.

30
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

-Forces food backwards and upwards- helps absorption

31
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

-Pushes undigested waste (faeces) into the rectum.

32
Q

What is the role of fibre in the diet?

A
  • Consists of cellulose which humans cannot digest
  • Fibre stimulates peristalsis
  • Diet high in fibre reduces the risk of colon cancer as wastes are moved quickly through.
33
Q

Describe the stomach.

A
  • Muscular bag
  • Stores and digests food
  • Lining of stomach wall is heavily folded
  • Secretes gastric juice
34
Q

What does mucous do in the stomach?

A
  • Coats the stomach

- Prevents self digestion

35
Q

What is pepsinogen?

A
  • Inactive enzyme
  • Made active in the stomach due to low pH
  • Breaks down proteins into peptides
36
Q

What is the pH of hydrochloric acid?

A

pH 1 to 2

Very acidic

37
Q

What does the acidity of the stomach do?

A
  • Kills bacteria
  • Loosens fibrous and cellular foods
  • Activates pepsinogen
  • Denatures amylase from saliva
38
Q

What is chyme?

A

Food + gastric juices

39
Q

How does chyme leave the stomach?

A

In small amounts when the pyloric sphincter opens

40
Q

How is self digestion prevented?

A
  • Mucous is alkaline and neutralises acid by the stomach wall
  • Pepsin is released as inactive pepsinogen
  • Cells that line the stomach can be replaced rapidly
41
Q

What substances does the pancreas produce?

A
  • Insulin

- Pancreatic juice

42
Q

What does pancreatic juice contain?

A
  • Sodium bicarbonate salt

- Amylase and lipase

43
Q

What is the purpose of the sodium bicarbonate salt produced by the pancreas?

A

Neutralises chyme

44
Q

What carries the pancreatic juice to the duodenum?

A

The pancreatic duct

45
Q

Name some functions that the liver completes.

A
  • Makes bile
  • Detoxifies the body
  • Breaks down excess amino acids
  • Converts glucose to glycogen for storage
  • Converts excess carbohydrate to fat
  • Stores vitamins and stores minerals
46
Q

Describe bile.

A
  • Partly formed from the remains of red blood cells
  • Yellow green viscous liquid
  • Consists of water, bile salts and bile pigments
  • No enzymes
47
Q

Where is bile made?

A

The liver

48
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gall baldder

49
Q

How does bile get to the duodenum?

A

The bile duct

50
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A
  • Breaks down and emulsifies fats and oils (increases surface area)
  • Helps neutralise chyme (sodium hydrogen carbonate)
51
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine called?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
52
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A

Digestion and absorption

53
Q

How long does food stay in the small intestine?

A

1-6 hours

54
Q

What is the main function of the duodenum?

A
  • Main function of digestion

- Also produces intestinal juice

55
Q 
Amaylase
\:Made
\:Active in
\:pH
\:Substrate
\:Product
A
  • Salivary glands/ Pancreas
  • Mouth/ Duodenum
  • 7 - 8
  • Starch
  • Maltose
56
Q 
Pepsin
\:Made
\:Active in
\:pH
\:Substrate
\:Product
A
  • Stomach lining
  • Stomach
  • 2
  • Protein
  • Peptides
57
Q 
Hydrochloric acid
\:Made in
\:Active in
\:Substrate
\:Product
A
  • Stomach lining
  • Stomach
  • Bacteria and fibrous foods
  • Dead bacteria and softened food
58
Q 
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
\:Made in
\:Active in
\:Substrate
\:Product
A
  • Pancreas
  • Duodenum
  • Acid
  • Neutralised acid
59
Q 
Lipase
\:Made in
\:Active in
\:pH
\:Substrate
\:Product
A
  • Pancreas
  • Duodenum
  • 7-8
  • Lipids
  • Fatty acids and glycerol
60
Q

What happens to the food by the time it leaves the duodenum?

A

Digestion is complete

61
Q

What is the function of the jejunum and the ileum?

A

-Absorption of digested food

62
Q

What are the adaptations of the small intestine?

A
  • Lining contains many villi
  • Very long
  • Rich blood supply inside each villus
  • Lacteal inside each villus
  • Walls of villi only one cell thick
63
Q

What do the capillaries absorb?

A
  • Water
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
64
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?

A

To transport nutrients to the liver

65
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

1.5 m

66
Q

How long does food stay in the large intestine?

A

From 10 hours to a few days

67
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A
  • To reabsorb water

- Liquid waste is converted to semi-solid waste called faeces

68
Q

How does diarrhea occur?

A
  • Occurs when undigested food moves through the large intestine too quickly
  • Less water is reabsorbed: faeces more liquidy
69
Q

How does constipation occur?

A
  • Undigested food moves through the large intestine too slowly
  • Too much water is reabsorbed
70
Q

Where are symbiotic bacteria found?

A

In the colon

71
Q

What is the function of symbiotic bacteria?

A
  • Produce B group vitamins and vitamin K
  • Prevent growth of disease causing bacteria and fungi
  • Break down food, cellulose, some of the digested food is absorbed into the body
72
Q

Amount of food a person requires depends on:

A
  • Age
  • Activity levels
  • Gender
  • Health

Biology LC (28 decks)

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