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Food- Flashcards

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1
Q

What is food?

A

Food is any substance that is used by a living organism to provide energy, materials for repair and maintenance or to control metabolism

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2
Q

What are bio molecules?

A

Biomolecules are chemicals that are made inside a living thing.

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3
Q

What is the chemical composition of carbohydrates?

A

All carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

What is the general ratio in carbohydrates?

A

2:1 , hydrogen 12, oxygen 6

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5
Q

What is the chemical composition of glucose?

A

Glucose = C6, H12, O6

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6
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar unit.

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7
Q

Give an example of a monosaccharide.

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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8
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Is two units of sugar.

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9
Q

Give an example of a disaccharide.

A

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

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10
Q

What are a polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides are many sugar units

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11
Q

Give an example of a polysaccharide.

A

Cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin,

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12
Q

What are the roles of cellulose?

A

It is used in the cell walls of plants.

In humans it is very difficult to digest so we use as fibre in our diet.

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13
Q

Name the four food bio molecules

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins.

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14
Q

What are the six common elements found in food?

A

Carbon (c), Hydrogen (h), oxygen (o), nitrogen (n), phosphorus (p) and sulfur (s)

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15
Q

Five elements in dissolved salts>

A

Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), chlorine (Cl), potassium (k) and calcium (Ca)

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16
Q

Name three trace elements.

A

Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn)

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17
Q

How do plants make glucose?

A

Photosynthesis

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18
Q

What sugar is in table sugar?

A

Sucrose

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19
Q

Name some reducing sugars.

A

Maltose, glucose, frutose

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20
Q

What is another name for starch?

A

Amylose

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21
Q

Name the metabolic roles of carbohydrates.

A

Glucose is broken down in respiration to release energy.

Glucose is made in photosynthesis

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22
Q

What is the structural role of carbohydrates?

A

Cellulose is used to form plant cell walls.

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23
Q

Why is cellulose hard to digest?

A

Because it has many cross-bonds.

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24
Q

What is the most abundant chemical in living things?

A

Water

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25
Q

Give five functions of water.

A

Makes up the bulk of cytoplasm, also found in tissue fluid and blood.

It is a good solvent that allows cell reactions to take place and transport

Gives cells their correct shape

It is a good absorber of heat, it helps maintain stable temperature

Participates in cell reactions

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26
Q

Give three reasons why water is essential to life.

A

It is the liquid which all metabolic reactions take place

Basis for transport systems

Environment which many organisms live in

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27
Q

What elements do lipids contain?

A

Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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28
Q

Name the two types of lipids

A

Oils- liquid at room temperature

Fats- solid at room temperature

29
Q

What is the smallest unit of a lipid called?

A

Triglyceride

30
Q

What is composition of a triglyceride?

A

One molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids.

31
Q

What is the composition of a phospholipid?

A

One molecule of glycerol,

two molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of phosphate

32
Q

Name three sources of lipids

A

Red meat, dairy products and vegetable oils.

33
Q

Function of lipids in diet

A

Provide energy and source of fat-soluble vitamins.

34
Q

Structural role of lipids

A

Stores energy

Heat Insulation

Protection of organs

Cell membranes (phospholipids and lipoproteins)

35
Q

Metabolic role of lipids?

A

Broken down in respiration to provide energy

Energy is used to carry out other metabolic reactions

36
Q

How many amino acids is there?

A

20

37
Q

What is the bond between amino acids called?

A

Peptide bond

38
Q

How many amino acids are in a peptide bond?

A

Less than 20

39
Q

How many amino acids are in a polypeptide bond?

A

Less than 200

40
Q

How many amino acids are in a protein?

A

More than 200

41
Q

Properties of fibrous proteins?

A

Little or no folding

Form long fibres

Strong and tough

Eg. Keratin in nails, hair and feathers, myosin in muscles

42
Q

Properties of globular proteins?

A

Lots of folding

Form rounded shapes

Eg. Enzymes, antibodies, hormones

43
Q

Sources of protein

A

Meat, fish, eggs, nuts, peas, beans,

44
Q

Structural role of proteins

A

Fibrous proteins, keratin in nails and hair, myosin in muscles

45
Q

Metabolic role of proteins

A

Proteins are used as enzymes to control metabolic reactions

Antibodies are used to fight infections

Hormones regulate body reacctions

46
Q

Composition of vitamins?

A

Carbon based,
Only needed in small amounts
The body cannot make them

47
Q

Give an example of water soluble vitamin.

A

Vitamin C

its an ascorbic acid

48
Q

Sources of Vitamin C

A

Vegetables, fresh fruit, oranges, lemons

49
Q

Metabolic role of Vitamin C

A

Formation of connective tissue eg. skin, gums

Growth and maintenance of bones and teeth

Immune system

Help wounds heal

50
Q

What does lack of vitamin C cause?

A

Scurvy

Symptoms of scurvy:
Bleeding gums
Loss of teeth
Poor healing of the skin
Bleeding under the skin
51
Q

Name a fat-soluble vitamin.

A

Vitamin D

52
Q

Sources of Vitamin D

A

Liver, milk, egg yolk, fish oils, sunlight

53
Q

Metabolic role of vitamin D

A

Helps absorb calcium from the intestine

Needed for healthy teeth and bone formation

54
Q

What does lack of Vitamin D cause?

A

Rickets in children

Osteomalacia in adults

Symptoms:
Weak, deformed bones
Bones beak easily

55
Q

Why are minerals needed by plants and animals?

A
  • To form rigid body structures such as bone and the cement between plant cell walls (both contain calcium)
  • To make soft body parts such as muscle (which requires nitrogen and sulfur)
  • To form salts in cell and body fluids (tears, saliva and the liquid part of blood all contain sodium.
  • To form biomolecules (such as hemoglobin- iron / chlorophyll- magnesium
56
Q

Give two examples of minerals that plants need-

A

Magnesium (Mg)
-Salts in the soil, helps form chlorophyll

Calcium (Ca)
-Salts in the soil, helps cell walls attach to each other.

57
Q

Give two examples of minerals that animals need.

A

Iron (Fe)
-Liver, meat, green vegetables, helps form hemoglobin

Calcium (Ca)
-Milk, cheese, dairy products, helps form bones and teeth

58
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Is the sum of all the reactions in an organism.

59
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

When energy is taken in and used to convert smaller molecules into larger ones
eg. photosynthesis

60
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones and energy is released.
eg. respiration

61
Q

Name all the experiments of this chapter (food)

A
  • To test for reducing sugar
  • To test for starch
  • To test for lipids
  • To test for protein
62
Q

What do you use to test for reducing sugar?

A

Benedict’s solution/ fehling’s solution

63
Q

What colour does benedict’s solution go if reducing sugar is present?

A

Red/ orange-red/ brick red

64
Q

What do you use to test for starch?

A

Iodine

65
Q

What colour does iodine go when starch is present?

A

Turns blue-black or purple

66
Q

What do you use to test for lipids?

A

Brown paper/ filter paper

67
Q

What do you to test for protein?

A

Biuret solution

contains (sodium hydroxide, copper sulfate)

68
Q

What colour does the biuret solution turn when protein is present?

A

Purple

69
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Are fat-like substances in which one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group or has a phosphate group added to it.

Biology LC (28 decks)

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