Review Vocab Flashcards
Cholesterol
It restricts the movement of phospholipid molecules by reducing the fluidity and permeability of the membrane
Membrane protein functions
- Hormone receptors
- Electron transport
- Pumps for active transport
- Cell-to-cell adhésion
- Neurotransmitter receptors
- Channels for facilitated diffusion
- Identification (glycoproteins)
Anabolism
The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules (monomers to polymers)
Catabolism
The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules (polymers to monomers)
Enzyme for lipids
Lipase
Enzyme for proteins
Did
Enzyme for starch
Amylase
Longitudinal muscle
Inside of small intestine; moves food along the gut
Circular muscle
Outside of small intestine; prevents food from moving backwards
Lacteal
A branch of the lymphatic system located in the center of villi
Simple diffusion
Nutrients pass down the concentration gradient between phospholipids in the membrane
Facilitated diffusion
Nutrients pass down the concentration gradient through specific channel proteins in the membrane
Active transport
Nutrients are pumped through the membrane against the concentration gradient by specific pump proteins
Endocytosis
Small droplets of fluid are passed through the membrane by way of vesicles
Phagocytes
Ingest pathogens by endocytosis (non-specific immunity)
Lymphocytes
Make antibodies (active immunity)
Antigen
A foreign body that stimulates the production of antibodies
Insulin
Secreted in response to high blood glucose levels: stimulates the liver to absorb glucose and convert it to glycogen
Glucagon
Secreted in response to high blood glucose levels: stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen into glucose
Type 1 diabetes
Childhood onset; injections needed because the amount of insulin secreted is insufficient
Type 2 diabetes
Adulthood onset; low carb diet controls the condition because target cells are insensitive to insulin
Ovary
Produces eggs, estrogen and progesterone
Cell respiration
The production of ATP using energy released by the oxidation of glucose, fat or other substrates
Oxidation
Removal of hydrogen
Decarboxylation
Removal of carbon dioxide
Cristae
Finger-like projections that increase surface area for oxidative phosphorylation
Hypertonic
A higher solute concentration then normal body fluids
Hypotonic
A lower solute concentration than normal body fluids
