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Biology > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell division

A

Process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells

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2
Q

Unicellular division

A

Produces an entire organism

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3
Q

Multicellular division

A

Develop from a fertilized egg, a zygote

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4
Q

Cell cycle

A

The life of a cell from when it is first formed to when it divides into two cells

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5
Q

Roles of cell division

A

Growth, getting bigger; repair, healing wounds; reproduction, sexual or asexual

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6
Q

Genome

A

The cell’s DNA, genetic information

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7
Q

Chromosomes

A

A single DNA molecule, located in nucleus

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8
Q

Chromosomes in a human somatic cell

A

46, because there two sets of 23, one from each parent

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9
Q

Somatic cells

A

All cells but sex cells, aka, diploids

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10
Q

Gamete

A

Reproductive cells, aka, haploid

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11
Q

Chromosomes in a human gamete cell

A

23

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

what chromosomes are made of, loosely packed DNA used for transcription

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13
Q

DNA molecules in a human somatic cell

A

46

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14
Q

Centromere

A

Specialized region when 2 chromatids attach

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15
Q

Chromatid

A

1 DNA molecule stuck to another, one copy of a newly copied chromosome

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16
Q

Replicated chromosome

A

An X made of two sister chromatids connected n at the centromere

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17
Q

Sister chromatid cohesion

A

When chromatids are attached along their length by adhesive proteins called cohesins

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18
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The division of the nucleus

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19
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm

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20
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Production of gametes, sex cells. Reduces the number of daughter cells

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21
Q

What happens to the DNA

A

Each chromosome has a single DNA molecule. Once replicated, there are sister chromatids-each has a copy of the DNA. Mechanical processes separate them into two identical daughter cells

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22
Q

Interphase

A

Made of 3 phases and takes 90% of the time of cell cycle; the cells grows, copies it’s chromosomes and prepares for cell division: G1, S, G2. DNA is in chromatin form.

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23
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell grows

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24
Q

S phase

A

Copies it’s chromosomes; DNA synthesis

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25
Q

G2 phase

A

Grows and completes preparations for cell division; protein synthesis

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26
Q

DNA

A

Two antiparallel strands, running opposite each other. There is a 5’ end and a 3’ end made of nucleotides. Bonds are A and T, G and C. When replicating A and U.

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27
Q

DNA replication

A

Parent DNA strand broken by helicase, DNA polymerase brings the correct nucleotide to the parent strand to start building the daughter strand. Builds the 5’ end first.

28
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds exposing the nitrogen base of each strand

29
Q

Semi-conservatory strands

A

New DNA uses 1 strand of the previous parent cell and 1 from the new daughter cell

30
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Brings nucleotides to build new strands of the exposed old strand

31
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Forms in cytoplasm during prophase, made of proteins and microtubules, arises from centrosome

32
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule organizing center, replicates during interphase, moves apart and grows centrioles

33
Q

Kinetochore

A

A structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere

34
Q

G0 (Gee-not)

A

During G1 when cells decide they don’t need to divide

35
Q

Mitosis

A

The division of the nucleus of the cell, has 5 stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

36
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin fibers tightly coiled, nucleoli disappear, sister chromatid cohesion, mitotic spindle begins to form, centrosomes move away from eachother

37
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope fragments, microtubules extend, chromosomes condensed, mitotic spindle and some attach to kinetochore

38
Q

Metaphase

A

Centrosomes at poles, chromosomes on metaphase plate - a pane between the poles

39
Q

Anaphase

A

Cohesion proteins cleaved, chromosomes move to opposite ends, cell elongates

40
Q

Telophase

A

Daughter nuclei form in cell, nuclear envelopes and nucleoli appear, mitosis is complete

41
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm to form two cells, animal cells pinch in two forming a cleavage furrow, plant cells grow a cell plate in the middle of the cell which forms into a cell wall.

42
Q

Nonkinetochore

A

Spindle fibers that connect to themselves

43
Q

kinetochore microtubules shorten at which end during anaphase?

A

At the kinetochore end by depolymerization

44
Q

Cytokinesis animal cell

A

Cleavage furrow forms, actin and myosin cause the ring to contract until cell is pinched in two

45
Q

Cytokinesis plant cell

A

Vesicles from golgi and cell wall material coalesce in cell center to form a cell plate, it enlarges until it fuses to the membrane, becomes the cell wall when cell splits

46
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Occurs in the ribosome. Uses, transcription and translation

47
Q

Types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA

48
Q

Messenger RNA

A

Built within the message from DNA and takes info the the ribosome

49
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

Makes up the structure of the ribosome

50
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Carries amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome

51
Q

Transcription

A

In the nucleus, DNA splits to expose nitrogenous bases. mRNA strand builds with complimentary bases on the antisense strand

52
Q

Translation

A

mRNA strand travels out of pore to the ribosome, each group of three nitrogen bases (codon) matches to a tRNA (anitcodon) which carries an amino acid, which then has a condensation reaction between others

53
Q

Binary Fusion

A

DNA of the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at the origin of replication, forming two origins, one moves to the other end of the cell, which elongates. Plasma membrane grows outward, dividing the cell

54
Q

Cell cycle control system

A

Molecules in the cytoplasm trigger and coordinate key events

55
Q

Checkpoint

A

A control point where signals regulate the cell

56
Q

Cyclins

A

A group of proteins used to ensure the timing of the tasks and progression of the stages in the cell cycle

57
Q

Protein kinase

A

Enzyme that activates proteins by phosphorylating them

58
Q

How cyclins and kinase work together

A

Cyclin binds to kinase to activate it, then fades away, then kinase grabs a phosphate from ATP and attaches it to a different protein, now those proteins have energy to do their job and continue their role in the cell cycle

59
Q

Growth factors

A

A protein releases by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

60
Q

Density dependent inhibition

A

Crowded cells stop dividing

61
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

To divide, animals cells must be attached to a substance

62
Q

MPF

A

Maturation-promoting factor: triggers cells passage into M phase

63
Q

Transformation

A

Process converting a normal cell to a cancer cell

64
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of cancer to locations different than the origins

65
Q

Benign tumor

A

Remains at normal site

66
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Impairs the functions of more than one organ

Biology (12 decks)

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