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Biology > HL Vocab > Flashcards

HL Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

A process that synthesizes ATP by the diffusion of hydrogen protons across a biological membrane via the ATP synthase (a transport protein) due to a proton gradient that forms on the other side of the membrane

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2
Q

Gene

A

A heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic

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3
Q

Allele

A

One specific form of a gene, differing from other alleles by one or a few bases only and occupying the same gene locus as other alleles of the gene

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4
Q

Genome

A

The whole of the genetic information of an organism

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5
Q

Gene mutation

A

A change in the base sequence of a gene on DNA. This could be by substitution, deletion, or insertion of a base or bases

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6
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes containing the same linear gene sequences, each derived from one parent

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7
Q

Genotype

A

The alleles possessed by an organism

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics of an organism

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9
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state, i.e. masks the effects of recessive alleles

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10
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that only had an effect on the phenotype when present in the homozygous state

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11
Q

Codominant alleles

A

Pairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype when present in a heterozygote

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12
Q

Locus

A

The particular position on homologous chromosomes of a gene

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13
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles of a gene

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14
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles of a gene

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15
Q

Carrier

A

An individual that has a recessive allele of a gene that does not have an effect on their phenotype

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16
Q

Test cross

A

Testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive

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17
Q

Sex linkage

A

Genes found on sex chromosomes are said to be sex linked

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18
Q

Genetic screening

A

Testing an individual for the presence of absence of a gene

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19
Q

Clone

A

A group of genetically identical organisms or a group of cells artificially derived from a single parent cell

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20
Q

Organic

A

Compounds containing carbon that are found in living organisms

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21
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed but not altering the direction of nature of the reactions

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22
Q

Active site

A

A specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place

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23
Q

Denaturation

A

A structural change in a protein that results in a loss of its biological properties

24
Q

Degenerate

A

Having more than one base triplet to code for one amino acid

25
Q

Universal

A

Found in all living organisms

26
Q

Cell respiration

A

Controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells

27
Q

Organelle

A

A discrete structure within a cell, with a specific function

28
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells similar to each other along with their associated intercellular substances, which perform the same function within a multicellular organism

29
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues which work together as a single unit to perform a particular function within a multicellular organism

30
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs, vessels, glands, other tissues, and/or pathways which work together to perform a body function within a multicellular organism

31
Q

Diffusion

A

The passive movement of mater molecules, across a partial permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

32
Q

Osmosis

A

The passive movement of water molecules, across a partial permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

33
Q

Ecology

A

The study of relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment

34
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community and its abiotic environment

35
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time

36
Q

Community

A

A group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area

37
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

38
Q

Habitat

A

The environment in which a species normally lives of the location of a living organism

39
Q

Autotroph

A

Producer; it makes its own food and does not require previously formed organic materials from the environment

40
Q

Heterotroph

A

Consumer; an organism that requires chemical energy from already formed organic molecules

41
Q

Detritivore

A

An animal that consumes decomposing organic particles, deriving nutrition primarily from microbes on the particles

42
Q

Saprotroph

A

Decomposer; an organism that feeds by secreting digestive enzymes onto its food source and absorbing the products of digestion, ex. fungi and bacteria

43
Q

Trophic level

A

Stage in a food chain or web leading from primary producers through primary consumers to secondary and tertiary consumers

44
Q

Carrying capactiy

A

Maximum average number or biomass of organisms that be sustained in a habitat over the long term. Usually refers to a particular species but can be applied to more than one

45
Q

Random sample

A

A method to ensure that every individual in a population has an equal chance of being observed

46
Q

Evolution

A

The process of cumulative change int he heritable characteristics of a population

47
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism or virus that causes a disease

48
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of metabolic waste products from the body

49
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water vapor from the leaves and stems of plants (out of the stomata)

50
Q

Adhesion

A

Water sticking to things due to polar nature

51
Q

Cohesion

A

Water sticking to itself due to hydrogen bonding

52
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Characteristics controlled by more than one gene

53
Q

Nucleosome

A

A length of DNA coiled around a core of histones

54
Q

Transcription

A

DNA is copied into mRNA

55
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is decoded by a ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain (proteins)

56
Q

Recombination

A

The reassortment of genes or characters into different combinations from those of the parents

57
Q

Linkage Group

A

A pair or set of genes that are close together on a chromosome and tend to be inherited together

Biology (12 decks)

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