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Biology > Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Molecular Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides: Sugars: Carbonyl and Hydroxyl

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2
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty acids: Triglycerole: Carbonyl, Hydroxyl and hydrocarbon tail

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3
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides: Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar(ribose), and pyrimoine or purine

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4
Q

Proteins

A

Amino acids: polypeptides: Carboxyl and Amine

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5
Q

Macromolecule

A

A large molecule commonly created by polymerization

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6
Q

Polymer

A

A molecule consisting of many similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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7
Q

Monomer

A

The building blocks of a polymer

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8
Q

Condensation reaction

A

When two molecules are covalently bonded together through loss of a water molecule: hydroxyl group and a hydrogen (dehydration synthesis)

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9
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The process of disassembling polymers by adding water

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10
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugars; two monosaccharides are joined by a covalent bond

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11
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars

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12
Q

Ribose

A

C5H10O5: 5 carbon sugar

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13
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6: carbonyl group and hydroxyl group

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14
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Cells extract energy in a series of reactions starting with glucose
C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O+ATP

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15
Q

Glycosidic linkagee

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a condensation reaction

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16
Q

Isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas

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17
Q

Structural polysaccharide

A

Cellulose and Chitin

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18
Q

Storage polysaccharide

A

Starch and glycogen: releases energy by hydrolysis

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19
Q

Fatty acid

A

hydrocarbon tail

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20
Q

Glycerol

A

An alcohol with three carbons, each with a hydroxyl group

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21
Q

Ester linkage

A

Bond between hydroxyl group and carboxyl group

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22
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

At room temp the molecules cannot pack closely enough together to solidify because of kinks in their fatty acid hydrocarbon chains: i.e. one or more double bonds

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23
Q

Trans fat

A

Produced when hydrogenating vegetable oils

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24
Q

Phospholipid

A

Two fatty acid tails, glycerol joined to a phosphate group, hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

25
Q

Polypeptides

A

Polymers of amino acids

26
Q

Amino acid components

A

Amine group, central carbon, carboxyl group, hydrogen and R group

27
Q

Peptide bond

A

Covalent chemical bond between two amino acids

28
Q

Protein structure: Primary

A

Sequence of amino acids chained together by condensation reactions and peptide bonds

29
Q

Protein structure: Secondary

A

A helix and B pleated sheet: held together by hydrogen bonds

30
Q

Protein structure: Tertiary

A

Involves R groups, hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges

31
Q

Denaturation

A

Protein loses shape: caused by pH, salt concentration and temp

32
Q

Chaperonins

A

Assist in proper folding of other proteins

33
Q

Purine

A

Nitrogen containing base (Adenine, Guanine)

34
Q

Pyrimoine

A

Smaller than purine (Thymine, Cytosine)

35
Q

Phosphediester linkage

A

Bond from one phosphate group to other nucleotide

36
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that happen in the cell

37
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Exergonic, hydrolysis: release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones

38
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Endergonic, condensation reaction: consumer energy to build molecules from simpler ones

39
Q

Energy

A

capacity to do work

40
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

41
Q

Entropy

A

chaos, disorder

42
Q

Free energy

A

Portion of a systems energy that can be used to do work

43
Q

ATP

A

Powers cellular work by energy coupling

44
Q

Energy coupling

A

Exergonic to endergonic

45
Q

Work of ATP

A

Mechanical: contraction of muscle cells
Transport: pump substances across membrane
Chemical: pushing exergonic reactions to react

46
Q

Structure of ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate: Adenine+Ribose+Phosphate (3)

47
Q

Enzyme

A

Catalytic proteins that speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy - can be reused

48
Q

Substrate

A

What the enzyme acts on - induced fit

49
Q

Active site

A

The region on the enzyme that binds to the substrate

50
Q

Allosteric inhibitor

A

Deforms active site

51
Q

Van der Waals

A

“Gecko toes”

52
Q

Allosteric activator

A

Stabilizes active site

53
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endergonic

54
Q

Phosphorylated

A

When an ATP phosphate is transferred to a second molecule

55
Q

Methane formula

A

One less hydrogen than water and non polar

56
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

57
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction

58
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of tow or more elements combined

Biology (12 decks)

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