Anatomy Flashcards
glottis
vocal cords
epiglottis
keeps food from entering the lungs when we swallow
trachea
the windpipe
pharynx
connects nose and mouth to esophagus
esophagus
swallows bolus
sphincter
muscular valve
bolus
a round mass of chewed food
mucus
protects the stomach lining from be digested
bile
produced by the liver, aids in digestions and absorbtion of fats
liver
secrets bile
stomach
kills pathogens in food and protein digestion
mouth
ingestions and chewing
gall bladder
stores bile
pancreas
secrets digestive enzymes
malnutrition
diet is missing one or more essential nutrients
undernutrition
diet is deficient in calories
ingestion
the act of eating
digestion
breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body
absorbtion
cells absorb small molecules (amino acids, simple sugars) from the digestive compartment
elimination
undigested material passes out of the digestive compartment
alimentary canal
a tube extending between a mouth and anus; food moves along it in one direction
peristalsis
wavelike muscular contractions that move the bolus to the stomach
bicarbonate
offsets the acidity of chyme
hydrochloric acid
dissolves the extracellular matrix in plants and animals and kills bacteria
ulcers
a sore caused by acid tolerant bacteria in the stomach
gastrin
a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric juice
secretin
a hormone that neutralizes chyme
cholecystokinin
a hormone that breaks down fatty acids and amino acids
lacteals
vessels that converge into larger vessels of the lymphatic system
small intestine
absorbs nutrients through villi and digests nutrients from the stomach
appendix
defense of the body
colon
reabsorbs water
symbiotic bacteria
produce vitamins to be absorbed into the blood stream
endocrine gland
hormones are secreted onto a surface
exocrine gland
hormones are secreted through a duct
alpha cells
produce glucagon when blood glucose levels are low
beta cells
produce insulin when blood glucose levels are high
type 1 diabetes
Inability to produce sufficient quantities of insulin
type 2 diabetes
inability to process or respond to insulin because of insulin deficiency receptors or glucose transporters
follicle stimulating hormone
stimulates development of follicles and stimulates secretion of estrogen by follicle walls
luteinsing hormone
stimulates completion of meiosis
oestrogen
causes prenatal development of female reproductive organs
progesterone
prepares the uterus for the implantation of an embryo
androgens
male sex hormones
testoserone
causes prenatal development of male genetalia and both sperm production and development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
in-vitro fertilization
fertilization occurring outside the body in carefully controlled lab conditions
zygote intrafallopian transfer
the egg is developed outside the uterus
gamete intrafallopian transfer
egg is put back into the mother’s uterus after fertilization
ventilation
bringing fresh air to the alveoli and removing stale air
gas exchange
process of swapping one gas for another
cell respiration
oxygen is taken in from the surroundings and carbon dioxide is produced and released
tidal volume
volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal resting breath
vital capacity
max volume of air a respiratory system can handle
residual volume
amount of air that remains in the lungs after a person forcefully exhales
pathogen
organisms that can cause disease, etc. bacteria, virus, protista
anitbiotic
blocks specific pathways found in bacteria
why antibiotics are not effective against viruses
viruses rely on a host cell and the antibiotics would attack the host rather than the virus
lymphocyte
a white blood cell occurring the lymphatic system that makes antibodies
phagocytes
ingest pathogens by endocyctosis
anitgen
a molecule that causes antibody formation
anitbody
a globular protein that recognizes an antigen
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus: infects a lymphocyte that plays a vital role in antibody production
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: antibodies cannot be produced
arteries
carry blood from the heart to tissues of the body
capillaries
carry blood through tissues and allow for exchange of materials
veins
carry deoxygenated to the heart
sinoatrial node
sends out an electrical signal to initiate each contraction of the heart
myogenic contraction
can contract on its own without being stimulated by a nerve
lysosome
an enzyme in mucus that kills bacteria
