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Biology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

glottis

A

vocal cords

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2
Q

epiglottis

A

keeps food from entering the lungs when we swallow

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3
Q

trachea

A

the windpipe

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4
Q

pharynx

A

connects nose and mouth to esophagus

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5
Q

esophagus

A

swallows bolus

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6
Q

sphincter

A

muscular valve

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7
Q

bolus

A

a round mass of chewed food

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8
Q

mucus

A

protects the stomach lining from be digested

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9
Q

bile

A

produced by the liver, aids in digestions and absorbtion of fats

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10
Q

liver

A

secrets bile

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11
Q

stomach

A

kills pathogens in food and protein digestion

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12
Q

mouth

A

ingestions and chewing

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13
Q

gall bladder

A

stores bile

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14
Q

pancreas

A

secrets digestive enzymes

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15
Q

malnutrition

A

diet is missing one or more essential nutrients

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16
Q

undernutrition

A

diet is deficient in calories

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17
Q

ingestion

A

the act of eating

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18
Q

digestion

A

breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body

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19
Q

absorbtion

A

cells absorb small molecules (amino acids, simple sugars) from the digestive compartment

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20
Q

elimination

A

undigested material passes out of the digestive compartment

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21
Q

alimentary canal

A

a tube extending between a mouth and anus; food moves along it in one direction

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22
Q

peristalsis

A

wavelike muscular contractions that move the bolus to the stomach

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23
Q

bicarbonate

A

offsets the acidity of chyme

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24
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

dissolves the extracellular matrix in plants and animals and kills bacteria

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25
Q

ulcers

A

a sore caused by acid tolerant bacteria in the stomach

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26
Q

gastrin

A

a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric juice

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27
Q

secretin

A

a hormone that neutralizes chyme

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28
Q

cholecystokinin

A

a hormone that breaks down fatty acids and amino acids

29
Q

lacteals

A

vessels that converge into larger vessels of the lymphatic system

30
Q

small intestine

A

absorbs nutrients through villi and digests nutrients from the stomach

31
Q

appendix

A

defense of the body

32
Q

colon

A

reabsorbs water

33
Q

symbiotic bacteria

A

produce vitamins to be absorbed into the blood stream

34
Q

endocrine gland

A

hormones are secreted onto a surface

35
Q

exocrine gland

A

hormones are secreted through a duct

36
Q

alpha cells

A

produce glucagon when blood glucose levels are low

37
Q

beta cells

A

produce insulin when blood glucose levels are high

38
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

Inability to produce sufficient quantities of insulin

39
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

inability to process or respond to insulin because of insulin deficiency receptors or glucose transporters

40
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

stimulates development of follicles and stimulates secretion of estrogen by follicle walls

41
Q

luteinsing hormone

A

stimulates completion of meiosis

42
Q

oestrogen

A

causes prenatal development of female reproductive organs

43
Q

progesterone

A

prepares the uterus for the implantation of an embryo

44
Q

androgens

A

male sex hormones

45
Q

testoserone

A

causes prenatal development of male genetalia and both sperm production and development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty

46
Q

in-vitro fertilization

A

fertilization occurring outside the body in carefully controlled lab conditions

47
Q

zygote intrafallopian transfer

A

the egg is developed outside the uterus

48
Q

gamete intrafallopian transfer

A

egg is put back into the mother’s uterus after fertilization

49
Q

ventilation

A

bringing fresh air to the alveoli and removing stale air

50
Q

gas exchange

A

process of swapping one gas for another

51
Q

cell respiration

A

oxygen is taken in from the surroundings and carbon dioxide is produced and released

52
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal resting breath

53
Q

vital capacity

A

max volume of air a respiratory system can handle

54
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air that remains in the lungs after a person forcefully exhales

55
Q

pathogen

A

organisms that can cause disease, etc. bacteria, virus, protista

56
Q

anitbiotic

A

blocks specific pathways found in bacteria

57
Q

why antibiotics are not effective against viruses

A

viruses rely on a host cell and the antibiotics would attack the host rather than the virus

58
Q

lymphocyte

A

a white blood cell occurring the lymphatic system that makes antibodies

59
Q

phagocytes

A

ingest pathogens by endocyctosis

60
Q

anitgen

A

a molecule that causes antibody formation

61
Q

anitbody

A

a globular protein that recognizes an antigen

62
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus: infects a lymphocyte that plays a vital role in antibody production

63
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: antibodies cannot be produced

64
Q

arteries

A

carry blood from the heart to tissues of the body

65
Q

capillaries

A

carry blood through tissues and allow for exchange of materials

66
Q

veins

A

carry deoxygenated to the heart

67
Q

sinoatrial node

A

sends out an electrical signal to initiate each contraction of the heart

68
Q

myogenic contraction

A

can contract on its own without being stimulated by a nerve

69
Q

lysosome

A

an enzyme in mucus that kills bacteria

Biology (12 decks)

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