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Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

magnification formula

A

(size of image)/(actual size)

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2
Q

conversion factor

A

1 mm = 1,000 micrometers

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3
Q

theory

A

a way of interpreting the natural world, allows us to make predictions

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4
Q

namer of cells

A

Robert Hooke - looking at cork through a microscope

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5
Q

order of cell discovery

A

cork cells, microscopic water, animal cells, plant cells, cells come from pre-existing cells

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6
Q

Postulates to cell theory

A

cells are fundamental building blocks of all living organisms and they come from pre-existing cells

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7
Q

Prokaryotic cells only

A

Unicellular bacteria, no contained nucleus, simple cell structure, cell wall, no organelles,

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8
Q

cell wall makes

A

peptidoglycan

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9
Q

Prokaryotic + Eukaryotic

A

surrounded by a membrane, DNA stores all instructions, chemical reactions (metabolism) catalyzed by enzymes, energy release system to power cell activities

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10
Q

eukaryotic only

A

complicated internally, compartmentalized, specialized organelles, enclosed nucleus

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11
Q

What is a unicellular eukaryotic?

A

Yeast

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12
Q

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic

A

Bacteria and archaea vs. plant and animal,

DNA concentrated in nucleoid vs. in nucleus

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13
Q

Striated muscle cell

A

size is 30 m in length (normal is .03 mm) and has many nuclei in one cell

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14
Q

fungi

A

Uninterrupted tube with many nuclei

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15
Q

algae

A

1 microscopic cell 100 mm long with 1 nucleus

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16
Q

micrograph

A

a photo taken down a microscope

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17
Q

amphipathic

A

it has a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region

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18
Q

sandwich model

A

Davson-Danielli (1960s): phospholipid bilayer between two layers of proteins

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19
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

Singer-Nicolson (1972): membrane proteins are dispersed and inserted in the bilayer

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20
Q

sandwich model problems

A

membrane proteins are not soluble in water

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21
Q

Soap

A

amphipathic

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22
Q

Fluidity

A

drift laterally, rarely flipping, some proteins drift and some are immobile

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23
Q

differences in membrane fluidityq

A

Unsaturated tails have kinks and up membrane fluidity, cholesterol serves as a roadblock and lowers fluidity

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24
Q

Intergral proteins

A

penetrate hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer

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25
Q

peripheral proteins

A

bound loosely to the surface of the membrane

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26
Q

cell to cell recognition importance

A

in developing the embryo, the immune system, and blood groups

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27
Q

six membrane function proteins

A

Transport, Enzymatic activity, Signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM

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28
Q

transport

A

a protein that spans membrane and provides channel access

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29
Q

enzymatic activity

A

proteins built into membrane, an enzyme with an active site in adjacent solutions

30
Q

cell-cell recognition

A

serve as ID tags recognized by other cells

31
Q

intercellular joining

A

can hook onto another protein in another membrane

32
Q

attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM

A

maintain shape and coordinate changes

33
Q

membrane carbs in cell-cell recognition

A

immunity + embryonic development

34
Q

channel proteins

A

have a hydrophilic channel through the membrane

35
Q

carrier proteins

A

holds onto passengers and changes shape to shuffle through the membrane

36
Q

aquaporins

A

channel proteins allowing access to water molecules

37
Q

CO2 across membrane

A

dissolve in lipid bilayer

38
Q

glucose across membrane

A

carrier protein

39
Q

H20 across membrane

A

channel protein

40
Q

Passive transport

A

diffusion

41
Q

diffusion

A

tendency for molecules to spread from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

42
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution until it is an isotonic solution

43
Q

hypertonic

A

low amount of substance in water

44
Q

hypotonic

A

high amount of substance in water

45
Q

isotonic

A

same amount of substance in water

46
Q

exocytosis

A

process in which an intracellular vesicle moves to the plasma membrane and fuses to the plasma membrane

47
Q

endcytosis

A

a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules into the cell by engulfing them in an energy using process

48
Q

organelles in prokaryotic only

A

plant: chloroplast animal: centrioles

49
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

to study details of the surface

50
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

to study the internal structure of cells

51
Q

cell wall

A

rigid structure outside plasma membrane

52
Q

plasma membrane

A

selective barrier that allows passage of O2, nutrients and wastes

53
Q

bacterial chromosome

A

circular

54
Q

nucleoid

A

where the genetic material is concentrated

55
Q

bound vs free ribosomes

A

ER vs. cytosol, package and export vs. function in cytosol

56
Q

endomembrane system

A

nuclear envelope, er, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and plasma membrane

57
Q

transport vesicle

A

transports proteins across cell

58
Q

functions of smooth ER

A

synthesis of lipids: secretes hormones
metabolism of carbs: glycogen, removes phosphate from glucose
detoxification: makes more soluble and easier to flush

59
Q

broad action enzymes

A

perform more than one function

60
Q

phagocytosis

A

a process of amoeba and protists eating by engulfing smaller organisms

61
Q

macrophages

A

human cells

62
Q

autophagy

A

recycle cellular components by breaking down and returning monomers to the cytosol

63
Q

food vacuoles

A

turn nutrients into stuff the cell needs for the body

64
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules

65
Q

central vacuoles in plants

A

selective in transporting solutes, holds reserves of important organic compounds disposal site for metabolic byproducts

66
Q

peroxisomes

A

transfer hydrogen from substrates to oxygen to produce H2O2

67
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of fibers through cytoplasm: mechanical support and shape and cell mobility

68
Q

fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

69
Q

myosin

A

motor proteins that move the microfilament

70
Q

intermediate filaments

A

shape and position of organelles

71
Q

cell wall

A

made of polysaccharide cellulose, protection, shape and prevents excessive water uptake

72
Q

ECM

A

extracellular matrix

Biology (12 decks)

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