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Next Gen Final Exam > Review: Physiology > Flashcards

Review: Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does most of the repro system develop from embryologically?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

Thickenings of intermediate mesoderm:

A

Urogenital ridges
-Nephrogenic Ridge (lateral)
-Gonadal Ridge (medial)

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3
Q

Primitive kidney that is non-functional in mammals:

A

pronephros

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4
Q

intermediate kidney found in the thoracolumbar region:

A

Mesonephros

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5
Q

What gives rise to the cortex & medulla of the kidney?

A

Medulla- ureteric bud
Cortex- Metanephric blastema/metanephric cap

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6
Q

Dilation & branching of the ureteric bud forms:

A

Renal pelvis, major & minor calyces, collecting tubules
Stalk becomes ureter

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7
Q

Where does the metanephros form and where does it end up?

A

Formed in pelvic cavity, ascends cranially into abdomen

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8
Q

Embryologically, the cloaca is a portion of which structure:

A

Hindgut; caudal to the origin of the allantois

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9
Q

The urorectal septum divides which structure into which two structures:

A

Divides the cloaca into the ventral part (primitive urogenital sinus & membrane) and dorsal part (anorectal canal and anal membrane)

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10
Q

The urorectal septum is a wedge between which two structures?

A

Allantois & hindgut

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11
Q

What forms the perineal body:

A

Remnant of mesodermal tissue between the anus & urogenital sinus after the division of the cloaca

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12
Q

Three divisions of the cloaca and what they become:

A

Cranial vesicular part-> urinary bladder
Middle pelvic part-> pelvic urethra (males); entire urethra (females)
Caudal phallic part

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13
Q

What two structures does the urachus connect?

A

apex of the bladder and the umbilicus

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14
Q

What does the urachus become?

A

the median ligament of the bladder

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15
Q

The trigone of the bladder is derived from ______________ as it is formed by ______________________________________, while the rest of the bladder is derived from __________. The entire lining of the bladder is derived from ______________ and the smooth muscle of the bladder is derived from ______________________.

A

Mesoderm; absorbed mesonephric ducts in the dorsal wall of the bladder; endoderm; endoderm; splanchnic mesoderm

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16
Q

Common embryologic anomalies of the urinary system:

A

Renal agenesis
Hydronephrosis
Polycystic Kidneys
Congenital Nephromas
Pelvic Kidney
Horseshoe Kidney
Double Ureter
Ectopic Ureter
Anorectal atresia (urinary problem when fistulated)

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17
Q

The indifferent gonad will “default” to which sex if under the influence of no sex-determining factors?

A

Female

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18
Q

What is necessary for an indifferent gonad to develop into

A

Testis Determining Factor
Testosterone
Müllerian-Inhibiting Factor

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19
Q

What determines sex?

A

Presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome

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20
Q

Cow MROP:

A

Conceptus enters uterus ~day 5-6
Embryo elongates by day 13; must be in side with CL
MROP d15-18 (Bovine interferon t)

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21
Q

Mare MROP:

A

Conceptus enters uterus day 5-6
AV remains spherical and diameter increases rapidly
Inc. Embryo mobility/uterine contractions d11-16
MROP- Motility plays a large role; no hormonal signal identified
Fixed at day 16

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22
Q

Ewe MROP:

A

Conceptus enters uterus by day 5
MROP: d 12-14; ovine INFt

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23
Q

Sow MROP:

A

Conceptus enters uterus on day 3 as a 4-cell
MROP: d11-12
Estradiol from conceptus
Four embryos must be present to maintain pregnancy; 2 in each horn

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24
Q

Bitch/Queen MROP:

A

Conceptus enters the uterus
B: d9-11
Q: d4-5
MROP- unknown; similar hormonal environment to non-pregnancy

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25
Q

“Luteal Dependent” means:

A

The dam maintains ovarian production of progesterone for the entire pregnancy

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26
Q

“Luteal Independent” means:

A

only needs the CL of ovulation for the first part of pregnancy, then placental production takes over

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27
Q

Luteal dependent species:

A

Sow, Doe, Bitch, Queen

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28
Q

Luteal independent species:

A

Cow, Ewe, Mare

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29
Q

Which species has a placental source of gonadotropins during pregnancy?

A

Mares
eCG from the endometrial cups

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30
Q

Follicular phase

A

Regression of CL->Ovulation
*Growing dominant follicle
Estradiol
Proestrus + Estrus

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31
Q

Luteal phase:

A

Ovulation-> CL regression
CL present
Progesterone
Metestrus + Diestrus

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32
Q

Variation in location, number, and nipple openings of mammary glands correlate to:

A

Litter Size

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33
Q

Q
The mammary gland is an _____ gland that functions to:

A

Exocrine
Nourish the neonate

34
Q

Explain how the mammary gland functions as a food source and as protection:

A

Food Source: Fat, protein, sugar (CHO), vitamins, minerals, water
Protection: Immunoglobulins (colostrum), first antibody protection

35
Q

Components of bovine milk include:

A

Water
Fat
Solids (Protein, Lactose, Minerals)

36
Q

Proteins included in milk include:

A

Casein and whey

37
Q

Definition of milk solids:

A

Dried powder left after all the water is removed from liquid milk

38
Q

Why does the amount of milk solids matter in real life?

A

Too much water and/or too few solids can lead to diarrhea and malnutrition

39
Q

Milk replacer is typically what percent solids?

A

12-15%

40
Q

The less total solids in a species’ milk, the _____ suckling occurs

A

MORE

41
Q

Fat in bovine milk is made from:

A

Half from Acetate and Butyrate production in rumen
Half is pooled fatty acids from blood (body fat, diet, synthesized in liver)

42
Q

____ have the most fat in milk, followed by ____ and finally _____ (least).

A

Sheep
Cows
Goats

43
Q

Protein is formed in the mammary glands by:

A

Lactational epithelial cells

44
Q

Milk protein is synthesized by:

A

Amino acids in blood
Glucose required (Propionate from rumen, breakdown of AA)

45
Q

Casein is the ___ portion of the milk, and _____ is used to separate casein from whey

A

Curd
Acid treatment (Rennin)

46
Q

Whey is the ______ portion of the milk and is mainly made of:

A

Liquid (by-product of cheese production)
Alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin

47
Q

Lactose is a _________ composed of _____ and ______

A

Disaccharide; glucose/galactose

48
Q

What is the rate limiting step for milk production in cattle? Why?

A

Lactose production
Based upon how much glucose is available from propionate

49
Q

What are the inorganic components of milk?

A

High in: Ca, P, K, I, and vitamins
Low in: Na/Cl (less than blood)
Lower in: Fe, Se, & other micro minerals

50
Q

Nonstructural carbohydrates include _________ and form _______ (VFA)

A

Concentrates (Sugar/Starch), Propionate

51
Q

Structural carbohydrates include:

A

Lignin
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Pectin

52
Q

Cellulose produces _____ (VFAs), Hemicellulose produces ________, and Pectin produces _________.

A

Cellulose: Acetate, Butyrate
Hemicellulose: Acetate, propionate
Pectin: Acetate, propionate

53
Q

VFAs provide how much of the energy requirement for the ruminant?

A

60-80%

54
Q

Which VFA is most essential for milk production?

A

Propionate
More propionate = more lactose = more milk

55
Q

Why don’t we feed mostly grains to increase milk production?

A

Leads to subacute rumen acidosis

56
Q

What is colostrum?

A

The first secretion from the mammary glands after giving birth; rich in antibodies (but contains more than antibodies)

57
Q

Which species get immunoglobulins from the placenta only?

A

Rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, primates

58
Q

Which species get immunoglobulins in utero and from colostrum?

A

Dogs and cats

59
Q

Which species get immunoglobulins from colostrum only?

A

Ruminants, horses, pigs

60
Q

Embryogenesis/ Mammogenesis:

A

Development of the mammary gland tissue and growth

61
Q

Lactogenesis:

A

Synthesis and initiation of milk secretion from the alveoli

62
Q

Galactopoeisis:

A

Biosynthesis of milk

63
Q

Lactation:

A

Full milk secretion and maintenance of lactation

64
Q

Galactokinesis:

A

Ejection of milk

65
Q

Involution:

A

Regression and atrophy of the mammary gland

66
Q

Mammogenesis occurs from ______ to _______ and is known as ______________

A

Birth to puberty; allometric growth

67
Q

During puberty, what parts of the mammary gland develop?

A

Ducts, alveoli, mammary epithelium (last trimester, “bagging up”)

68
Q

Lactogenesis process:

A

Initiation of lactation
Stimulation at teat
Nerves carry message to pituitary
Release of prolactin and oxytocin
Bloodstream to udder
Milk letdown

69
Q

Galactopoiesis process:

A

Alveolar secretory cells
Lactose: pumped into alveolus and fluids follow osmotic gradient
Proteins: excreted by golgi apparatus; casein forms micelles as it is insoluble in water (milky appearance)
Fat: droplets form in cell and extruded with a surface membrane

70
Q

Galactokinesis process:

A

Reflex action: stimulation, auditory stimulus, conditioned reflex
Oxytocin (posterior pituitary)
Contraction of myoepithelial cells & relaxation of large alveolar ducts
Milk ejection

71
Q

Milk ejection lasts:

A

5-20 min

72
Q

Exogenous administration of oxytocin causes:

A

Will cause milk letdown in:
Heifers, cows with udder edema, removal of “residual” milk

73
Q

Lactation length by species?

A

Swine: 21-28 days, 24 avg
Equine: 4-7 months
Canine: 6-10 weeks
Goats: 2-4 months, 8-10 months (Dairy)
Sheep: 2-5 months, 4-8 months (Dairy)
Beef: 6-8 months
Dairy: 10-12 months

74
Q

What is the main way we start to “dry off” cattle?

A

Decrease feed intake, remove concentrates/forage

75
Q

What is the benefit of dry cow treatment?

A

Reduces persistent mammary infections
Decreases infection during dry period

76
Q

When do we start dry cow treatments?

A

45-60 days before calving

77
Q

Factors that affect milk production?

A

Nutrition
Length of dry period
Frequency of milking
BCS at parturition

78
Q

Describe Agalactia in mares?

A

Prolactin inhibited by dopamine
Fescue hay (Neotyphodium coenophialum)

79
Q

Treatment/control of fescue toxicosis (agalactia) in mares?

A

Remove from fescue 30-60 days prepartum
Administer domperidone

80
Q

What things cause involution of the mammary gland?

A

Decreased milking/nursing
Massive decline in metabolic activity of the mammary tissue
Degeneration of alveolar tissue

Next Gen Final Exam (16 decks)

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