Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Next Gen Final Exam > Milk Production & Mastitis (3) > Flashcards

Milk Production & Mastitis (3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first defense of the mammary gland?

A

Teat canal- provides keratin & sphincter muscle as barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Teat end scoring:

A

N- no ring
S- smooth/slightly rough ring
R- rough ring
VR- very rough ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Second defense of the mammary gland:

A

Milk Leukocytes (Somatic cells)
60% Macrophages
30% lymphocytes
10% PMN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Issues with pendulous udders:

A

Teat/Udder Trauma
So much more likely to get mastitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Management goals with Teat end scores:

A

> 20% total in rough & very rough
10% in very rough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Predominant immune cell type in the udder:

A

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What immune cell type predominates in EARLY inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

“Other” Mammary gland defenses:

A

Secretory antibodies
Lactoferrin
Lactoperoxidase
Removal of milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Action of lactoferrin:

A

binds iron (protective against gram - bacteria)
Antibacterial/Antoviral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When is Lactoferrin highest and lowest?

A

Highest during inflammation & involution
Decreases when udder fills with colostrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When is SCC increased?

A

during an immune response to mastitis-causing pathogens (likely bacti)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes up SCC?

A

White blood cells and some epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the cutoff SCC that indicated inflammation is present?

A

> 150,000-200,000
High likelihood of infection in at least one quarter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are two times in lactation where SCC is ‘naturally’ high?

A

Colostrum & towards the end of lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the NUMBER 1 step for preventing mastitis

A

Hygeine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the purpose of forestripping?

A

-Check for mastitis
-Stimulate appropriate milk let down
-“Flushes” bacteria & removes worst quality milk
*Decreases new infections by 12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Predip requirements:

A

Must be approved
Minimum contact time of 30 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the best we can do in reducing bacteria if everything is correct?

A

Reduction by 85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Teat end cleanliness scoring:

A

1-4
No manure
Dip present
Dip & Dirt
Large dirt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is lag time?

A

Time from first stimulation of the udder to when the unit is placed on the cow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Two components of making sure milk let down is good?

A

Well stimulated teat
Proper lag time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the proper lag time?

A

90 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Typical milking time if prep is good:

A

4-6 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Purpose of post-milking teat dip:

A

-Destroy pathogens
-prevent teat canal colonization
-eliminate existing teat canal infections
-promote conditioning of teat skin & help heal leisons
-prevent development of new lesions
-Provide bacteriostatic/cidal residue between milkings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cow hygiene scores are based on what two areas?

A

Udder & leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cow Hygiene scores

A

1- Free of dirt
2- slightly dirty
3- moderately covered in dirt
4- covered in caked on dirt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What milk hygiene scores are considered “high risk”?

A

3 & 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the illegal SCC?

A

> 750,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is mastitis?

A

Inflammation of the milk-secreting tissues of the udder, typically due to a bacterial infection

30
Q

What percentage of cows have a case of clinical mastitis in a single lactation?

A

32%

31
Q

Clinical mastitis:

A

Milk is abnormal
Can have signs of udder inflammation

32
Q

Milk abnormalities associated with clinical mastitis:

A

Flecks, clots, off color, bloody

33
Q

When are new intramammary infections higher in the lactation cycle?

A

early dry period and around calving

34
Q

Abnormalities with Subclinical Mastitis:

A

NO changes with milk or udder appearance
Reduced milk production
Increased SCC

35
Q

Clinical Mastitis Classifications

A

Mild- abnormal milk only
Moderate- Udder inflammation
Severe- Fever/Anorexia/Shock

36
Q

Pathogen based classification of mastitis:

A

Contagious- transmitted during milking
Environmental- transmitted in environment
*Some can be both

37
Q

Common contagious mastitis pathogens:

A

Staph aureus, Strep agalactiae, Mycoplasma, Corynebacterium bovis, Strep uberis, Prototheca

38
Q

Symptoms associated with systemic mastitis:

A

Off feed, dec. rumen motility, diarrhea, dehydration, fever, severe drop in milk production, *possible loss of quarter or cow

39
Q

How do you treat local mastitis?

A

Intramammary antibiotics

40
Q

Characteristics of gangrenous mastitis:

A

Peracute/severe
Cold
Line of demarcation
Serosanguinous secretion
+/- SQ Emphasema
VERY systemically ill
Terrible prognosis
Udder will slough

41
Q

Bacterial agents commonly associated with gangrenous mastitis in cattle:

A

Staph aureus
C. perfringens

42
Q

Bacterial agents commonly associated with gangrenous mastitis in small ruminants:

A

Staph aureus
Mannheimia haemolytica
often spread from the mouth of the neonate

43
Q

Gangrenous Mastitis in Small ruminants

A

“Blue Bag”

44
Q

Most common type of systemic mastitis in dairy cattle:

A

Coliform Mastitis

45
Q

Common Coliform Mastitis Pathogens

A

E. coli
Klebsiella

46
Q

Systemic mastitis tx:

A

IV (Hypertonic Saline 4-5ml/kg) & Oral Fluids
Anti-inflammatories
Abx
Intrammammary hypertonic saline
B Vitamins

47
Q

Methods of diagnosing subclinical mastitis:

A

DHI Individual cow SCC
CMT
Automated electronic SCC counters
Electrical conductivity

48
Q

Staph aureus as a mastitis pathogen:

A

Often a herd problem
Chronic & Subclinical cases predominates
HARD to tx, difficult to eliminate
Abx resistance common
ID cows &/or cull

49
Q

Streptococcus agalactia as a mastitis pathogen:

A

Obligate udder parasite
Localizes in ducts, responds well to tx
Lg # of organisms and SCC shed
Dry cow therapy should eliminate

50
Q

Mycoplasma as a mastitis pathogen:

A

Can infect udder via general circulation; will see in calves commonly (inner ear inf, pneumonia, arthritis)
No cell wall- IMA tx ineffective
Increases SCCs, often chronic & cubclinical
ID & Cull

51
Q

Corynebacterium bovis as a mastitis pathogen:

A

Minor
Lives in streak canal
Increased prevalence when teat dipping is inadequate
Inc SCC

52
Q

When is CMT scoring helpful?

A

Subclinical mastitis

53
Q

Environmental Mastitis Pathogens

A

Strep non-ag (uberis, dysgalactiae, bovis)
Pseudomonas
Prototheca
Yeasts

54
Q

Streptococcus (non-ag) as a mastitis pathogen

A

Shed in feces
Typically local-clinical (Clots & Flakes)
Moderate swelling
High SCC

55
Q

Predisposing factors for yeast as a mastitis pathogen:

A

Excessive/Blanket Abx therapy

56
Q

Other mastitis pathogens:

A

Coagulase negative staph (typically subclinical)
Trueperella pyogenes

57
Q

Summer mastitis:

A

Truperella pyogenes
Seen in prepartum heifers & dry cows
Spread by horn flies, associated with damaged teats
Odorous thick ‘sawdust’ secretions
Poor response to tx
Abscesses- amputate teat (dead quarter)

58
Q

Canine mammary secretions (normal v abnormal)

A

Normal: yellow-white in first 24 hrs pp & bloody during gland involution or pseudocyesis
Abnormal: Red, green, brown

59
Q

Bacterial agents of Dog mastitis:

A

E. coli, Staph, Strep,

Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Clostridium

Brusing and abscessation may result in gangrenous

60
Q

Causes of Dog mastitis:

A

Trauma or some reason of not being milked out properly (death of pups, early/sudden weaning)
Pseudopregnancies or Septicemia too

61
Q

Most common place of canine mastitis:

A

Caudal glands

62
Q

Dog mastitis clinical signs:

A

Pups not gaining as expected
Dam aversion to nursing
Swelling, inflammation, abscessation/ulceration
Abnormal milk

63
Q

Canine Mastitis Tx:

A

Tx systemic signs
Abx- clavamox, cephalosporins
Pain meds- carprofen/meloxicam
Let puppies still nurse
Stripping out
Compresses! Cold cabbage leaves

64
Q

Cat mastitis:

A

Pretty rare
Tx systemic signs (if any)
Galactostasis possible
Cabbage leaves

65
Q

Causes of Sow mastitis

A

Trauma
Coliforms
Abscesses- staphs & streps

66
Q

Sow mastitis clinical signs:

A

Fever/anorexia, swollen firm glands, painful, piglets not growing appropriately.

67
Q

Swine Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome:

A

Occurs within first 3 days of farrowing
Risk factors often associated with production management
Associated with fat sow syndrome, prolonged farrowings, large litter size
Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia

68
Q

Mare mastitis clin signs:

A

Majority are systemically ill
Stiff gait, stand with back legs apart
Increased TPR
Anorexia/Depression
Agalactia
Reluctant to move

69
Q

Common mare mastitis pathogens

A

Strep zoo most common
Staph, Coliforms, Pseudomonas, Actinobacillus, Pasteurella

70
Q

Tx for mare mastitis:

A

Intramammary & systemic antibiotics
Leave foal on if possible (supplementation may be needed)
TMS (BID) or Penicillin & Gentamicin
minimum 5 days

Next Gen Final Exam (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions