Milk Production & Mastitis (3) Flashcards
What is the first defense of the mammary gland?
Teat canal- provides keratin & sphincter muscle as barrier
Teat end scoring:
N- no ring
S- smooth/slightly rough ring
R- rough ring
VR- very rough ring
Second defense of the mammary gland:
Milk Leukocytes (Somatic cells)
60% Macrophages
30% lymphocytes
10% PMN
Issues with pendulous udders:
Teat/Udder Trauma
So much more likely to get mastitis
Management goals with Teat end scores:
> 20% total in rough & very rough
10% in very rough
Predominant immune cell type in the udder:
Macrophages
What immune cell type predominates in EARLY inflammation?
Neutrophils
“Other” Mammary gland defenses:
Secretory antibodies
Lactoferrin
Lactoperoxidase
Removal of milk
Action of lactoferrin:
binds iron (protective against gram - bacteria)
Antibacterial/Antoviral
When is Lactoferrin highest and lowest?
Highest during inflammation & involution
Decreases when udder fills with colostrum
When is SCC increased?
during an immune response to mastitis-causing pathogens (likely bacti)
What makes up SCC?
White blood cells and some epithelial cells
What is the cutoff SCC that indicated inflammation is present?
> 150,000-200,000
High likelihood of infection in at least one quarter
What are two times in lactation where SCC is ‘naturally’ high?
Colostrum & towards the end of lactation
What is the NUMBER 1 step for preventing mastitis
Hygeine
What is the purpose of forestripping?
-Check for mastitis
-Stimulate appropriate milk let down
-“Flushes” bacteria & removes worst quality milk
*Decreases new infections by 12%
Predip requirements:
Must be approved
Minimum contact time of 30 seconds
What is the best we can do in reducing bacteria if everything is correct?
Reduction by 85%
Teat end cleanliness scoring:
1-4
No manure
Dip present
Dip & Dirt
Large dirt
What is lag time?
Time from first stimulation of the udder to when the unit is placed on the cow
Two components of making sure milk let down is good?
Well stimulated teat
Proper lag time
What is the proper lag time?
90 seconds
Typical milking time if prep is good:
4-6 minutes
Purpose of post-milking teat dip:
-Destroy pathogens
-prevent teat canal colonization
-eliminate existing teat canal infections
-promote conditioning of teat skin & help heal leisons
-prevent development of new lesions
-Provide bacteriostatic/cidal residue between milkings
Cow hygiene scores are based on what two areas?
Udder & leg
Cow Hygiene scores
1- Free of dirt
2- slightly dirty
3- moderately covered in dirt
4- covered in caked on dirt
What milk hygiene scores are considered “high risk”?
3 & 4
What is the illegal SCC?
> 750,000
What is mastitis?
Inflammation of the milk-secreting tissues of the udder, typically due to a bacterial infection
What percentage of cows have a case of clinical mastitis in a single lactation?
32%
Clinical mastitis:
Milk is abnormal
Can have signs of udder inflammation
Milk abnormalities associated with clinical mastitis:
Flecks, clots, off color, bloody
When are new intramammary infections higher in the lactation cycle?
early dry period and around calving
Abnormalities with Subclinical Mastitis:
NO changes with milk or udder appearance
Reduced milk production
Increased SCC
Clinical Mastitis Classifications
Mild- abnormal milk only
Moderate- Udder inflammation
Severe- Fever/Anorexia/Shock
Pathogen based classification of mastitis:
Contagious- transmitted during milking
Environmental- transmitted in environment
*Some can be both
Common contagious mastitis pathogens:
Staph aureus, Strep agalactiae, Mycoplasma, Corynebacterium bovis, Strep uberis, Prototheca
Symptoms associated with systemic mastitis:
Off feed, dec. rumen motility, diarrhea, dehydration, fever, severe drop in milk production, *possible loss of quarter or cow
How do you treat local mastitis?
Intramammary antibiotics
Characteristics of gangrenous mastitis:
Peracute/severe
Cold
Line of demarcation
Serosanguinous secretion
+/- SQ Emphasema
VERY systemically ill
Terrible prognosis
Udder will slough
Bacterial agents commonly associated with gangrenous mastitis in cattle:
Staph aureus
C. perfringens
Bacterial agents commonly associated with gangrenous mastitis in small ruminants:
Staph aureus
Mannheimia haemolytica
often spread from the mouth of the neonate
Gangrenous Mastitis in Small ruminants
“Blue Bag”
Most common type of systemic mastitis in dairy cattle:
Coliform Mastitis
Common Coliform Mastitis Pathogens
E. coli
Klebsiella
Systemic mastitis tx:
IV (Hypertonic Saline 4-5ml/kg) & Oral Fluids
Anti-inflammatories
Abx
Intrammammary hypertonic saline
B Vitamins
Methods of diagnosing subclinical mastitis:
DHI Individual cow SCC
CMT
Automated electronic SCC counters
Electrical conductivity
Staph aureus as a mastitis pathogen:
Often a herd problem
Chronic & Subclinical cases predominates
HARD to tx, difficult to eliminate
Abx resistance common
ID cows &/or cull
Streptococcus agalactia as a mastitis pathogen:
Obligate udder parasite
Localizes in ducts, responds well to tx
Lg # of organisms and SCC shed
Dry cow therapy should eliminate
Mycoplasma as a mastitis pathogen:
Can infect udder via general circulation; will see in calves commonly (inner ear inf, pneumonia, arthritis)
No cell wall- IMA tx ineffective
Increases SCCs, often chronic & cubclinical
ID & Cull
Corynebacterium bovis as a mastitis pathogen:
Minor
Lives in streak canal
Increased prevalence when teat dipping is inadequate
Inc SCC
When is CMT scoring helpful?
Subclinical mastitis
Environmental Mastitis Pathogens
Strep non-ag (uberis, dysgalactiae, bovis)
Pseudomonas
Prototheca
Yeasts
Streptococcus (non-ag) as a mastitis pathogen
Shed in feces
Typically local-clinical (Clots & Flakes)
Moderate swelling
High SCC
Predisposing factors for yeast as a mastitis pathogen:
Excessive/Blanket Abx therapy
Other mastitis pathogens:
Coagulase negative staph (typically subclinical)
Trueperella pyogenes
Summer mastitis:
Truperella pyogenes
Seen in prepartum heifers & dry cows
Spread by horn flies, associated with damaged teats
Odorous thick ‘sawdust’ secretions
Poor response to tx
Abscesses- amputate teat (dead quarter)
Canine mammary secretions (normal v abnormal)
Normal: yellow-white in first 24 hrs pp & bloody during gland involution or pseudocyesis
Abnormal: Red, green, brown
Bacterial agents of Dog mastitis:
E. coli, Staph, Strep,
Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Clostridium
Brusing and abscessation may result in gangrenous
Causes of Dog mastitis:
Trauma or some reason of not being milked out properly (death of pups, early/sudden weaning)
Pseudopregnancies or Septicemia too
Most common place of canine mastitis:
Caudal glands
Dog mastitis clinical signs:
Pups not gaining as expected
Dam aversion to nursing
Swelling, inflammation, abscessation/ulceration
Abnormal milk
Canine Mastitis Tx:
Tx systemic signs
Abx- clavamox, cephalosporins
Pain meds- carprofen/meloxicam
Let puppies still nurse
Stripping out
Compresses! Cold cabbage leaves
Cat mastitis:
Pretty rare
Tx systemic signs (if any)
Galactostasis possible
Cabbage leaves
Causes of Sow mastitis
Trauma
Coliforms
Abscesses- staphs & streps
Sow mastitis clinical signs:
Fever/anorexia, swollen firm glands, painful, piglets not growing appropriately.
Swine Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome:
Occurs within first 3 days of farrowing
Risk factors often associated with production management
Associated with fat sow syndrome, prolonged farrowings, large litter size
Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia
Mare mastitis clin signs:
Majority are systemically ill
Stiff gait, stand with back legs apart
Increased TPR
Anorexia/Depression
Agalactia
Reluctant to move
Common mare mastitis pathogens
Strep zoo most common
Staph, Coliforms, Pseudomonas, Actinobacillus, Pasteurella
Tx for mare mastitis:
Intramammary & systemic antibiotics
Leave foal on if possible (supplementation may be needed)
TMS (BID) or Penicillin & Gentamicin
minimum 5 days
