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Next Gen Final Exam > Review: Germs > Flashcards

Review: Germs Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of viral abortion in cats:

A

Panleukopenia, FHV-1, FIV, FLV, FIPV

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2
Q

What do you see with in utero infection of feline panleukopenia?

A

SMEDI-like
OR
Born with defects- cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrocephalous, optic n. atrophy, retinopathy, Thymic atrophy

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3
Q

What do you see with in-utero infection of FHV-1

A

Placental infacts & thrombosis

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4
Q

Viral causes of abortion in cattle?

A

BHV-1, BVDV, Bluetonge, Schmallenberg Virus (Europe), Akabane (Aus), Cache Valley Virus

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5
Q

Transmission and replication of BVDV

A

Oronasal transmission, replication in mucosa & palatine tonsil

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6
Q

Effects of BVDV based on time of infecion:

A

<99d: abortions, absorptions, mummy, stillbirths
90-200d: Prevented or Altered hair growth
133-162d: cerebellar hypoplasia & congenital defects
25-150d: PI animal
150-175: fetal antibodies :)

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7
Q

How is Schmallenberg virus transmitted?

A

By cuillicoides
Cattle are susceptible in days 70-150

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8
Q

Presentation of Schmallenberg Virus:

A

Dams have diarrhea, fever and drop in milk during the summer
In the winter, see calves born stillbirth and/or with congenital abnormalities (Scoliosis, CH, Arthrogryposis, hydrocephaly)

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9
Q

Viral causes of abortion in camelids:

A

BVDV, EHV 1&4, Blueongue

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10
Q

Viral causes of abortions in mares:

A

EHV 1&4, Equinw viral arteritis

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11
Q

When do abortions usually occur for equine viral arteritis?

A

6-29 days post clinical infection

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12
Q

Clinical signs of Equine Viral Arteritis:

A

Mares: systemic nasal discharge, limb and mammary edema
Stallions: sheath & scrotal edema
Fetal lesions: arteritis in heart & placenta

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of equine viral arteritis:

A

into macrophages-> cytoplasmic replication-> Local LN-> systemic spread-> viremia-> arteritis

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14
Q

Difference between EHV-1 and 4 in regards to abortion:

A

1- Single or epizootic abortion, stillbirths & neonatal death <3d
4- sporadic abortion

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15
Q

What do you see in EHV abortions?

A

SQ edema, icterus, MF hepatic necrosis, nuclear inclusion bodies
Placental edema

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16
Q

Viral causes of abortions in small ruminants:

A

Border Dz
Bluetongue
Cache Valley Virus
BVDV
Caprine Herpes Virus

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17
Q

When do you see BVDV abortions in small ruminants:

A

goats housed with cattle

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18
Q

Possible outcomes of Border Disease infection during gestation:

A

Abortion can occur at any stage,
Early embryonic death
Abortion & Stillbirth
Congenital malformations
Small, weak, immunosuppressed lambs (hairy)
Infection >85d- Normal lambs with antibodies

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19
Q

Bluetongue virus spread:

A

Not contagious, cuillicoides, arthropod orbivirus,
Sheep & deer affected the worst

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20
Q

Pathogenesis of Bluetongue:

A

infects vascular endothelial cells-> edema & hemorrhage

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21
Q

Lesions of bluetongue:

A

Adult- cyanosis of the tongue &inflammation of the coronary band
Fetus- mummiification, still birth, abortion, congenital brain malformations

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22
Q

Results of Cache Valley Virus infection:

A

Stillborn lambs with multiple congenital abnormalities
<32d: early embryonic death
32-37d: musculoskeltal & cerebellar malformations
37-48d: musculoskeletal malformations
Lesions Hydrocephaly, hydrancephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, arthrogryposis, scoliosis, hypoplasia of skeletal muscles

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23
Q

Timeline of SMEDI in pigs:

A

Stillborn & mummies: before day 70
Early embryonic death & infertility: infected embryos
Inf. >70d: alive & healthy

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24
Q

Viral causes of SMEDI in pigs:

A

PRRSV, Porcine Parvo, Porcine Enterovirus

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25
Q

PRRSV Pathogenesis:

A

Highest mutation rate (vax limited)
replicates in macrophages-> lungs causing URI/Pneumonia-> crosses placenta & causes late term abortions
Virus usually in fetal thymus, need to sample multiple piglets, not all are infected

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26
Q

PRRSV Abortion presentation

A

Late term abortions
+/- umbilical hemorrhage

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27
Q

Porcine Parvovirus pathogenesis:

A

Sows are immune if endemic, problem is with naive gilts
Targets mitotically active cells, crosses placenta 10-14 days post inf
Not all feti are infected at the same time (see multiple presentations of SMEDI)

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28
Q

What viral cause of abortion in sows is NOT commonly associated with SMEDI:

A

PHV-1 (Aujesky’s)

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29
Q

PHV-1 Abortions:

A

May see ‘SMEDI’ but all deaths happen at the same time
Typically no lesions, if any- multifocal hepatic necrosis & standard herpes lesions

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30
Q

Lesser common causes of viral abortions in sows:

A

CSF, Porcine circovirus, Japenese encephalitis virus

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31
Q

Viral causes of abortions in dogs:

A

CHV-1
Canine Parvovirus
Canine Distemper & Adenovirus (due to stress on bitch)

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32
Q

Canine Herpes Virus 1 pathogenesis:

A

Replication best below body temp
Abortion rare but HIGH neonatal death
6wk rule!!
dam develops immunity

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33
Q

CHV-1 lesions:

A

MF Necrosis in multiple organs, Kidney hemorrhages, intranuclear inclusions

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34
Q

Canine Parvovirus abortions:

A

Rare due to immunity, but see myocardial necrosis & inflammation

35
Q

In neospora caninum & toxoplasma gondii abortions (in lg animals) which one is “one and done” and which one continues to cause abortions in subsequent breeding?

A

N. caninum- continued problem; test and CULL
T. gondii- does not affect subsequent gestations

36
Q

Which species is most affected by T. gondii abortions:

A

Small ruminants

37
Q

Which species is most affected by N. caninum abortions?

38
Q

What species, other than Ruminants, are affected by T. gondii abortions?

A

Pigs, mostly pasture/hobby farms

39
Q

What are the results of T. gondii infection during gestation?

A

<80d: embryonic death/reabsorption (rarely noticed)
80-115d: abortion, stillbirth, perinatal death
>115d: Congenitally infected born, (clinically healthy)

40
Q

Placental lesions associated with T. gondii abortion

A

white necrotic lesions in cotyledons

41
Q

Three Epidemiological Presentations of N. caninum abortions:

A

Abortion storms (epidemic)
Inc. Annual Abortion rate (endemic)
Subclinical

42
Q

Outcomes of N. caninum infection during gestation:

A

Abortion/stillbirth, usually by 5-7mo
Weak live calves
Normal but infected calves (still a problem)

43
Q

What stage of T. gondii and N. caninum are pathogenic? Infective?

A

Pathogenic- Tachyzoites
Infective- Oocysts

44
Q

Where does Tritrichomonas foetus colonize in bulls? In cows?

A

B: Epithelial lining of penis, prepuce, & distal urethra
C: entire repro tract

45
Q

Presentation of T. foetus in herds:

A

Typically seen as decreased herd fertility rates and/or longer open periods
Often not detectable in cows (endometritis, vaginitis, etc) or bulls (+/- preputial discharge)

46
Q

Defense mechanisms of the repro tract:

A

Mucosal immunity
Resident flora
Anatomy
Estrogen

47
Q

Predisposing factors to bacti infection of the repro tract:

A

Poor conformation
Progesterone
Pathology (CEH)
Trauma/Dystocia
Retained Fetal Membranes

48
Q

Causes of Balanoposthitis:

A

C. renale
Trueperella pyogenes +/- mycoplasma
Herpes virus (EHV-3)

49
Q

Pathogenesis of C. renale:

A

Increased protein in feed-> Increased urea in urine-> C. renale produces ureases
Urea->Ammonia-> amonnia causes additional irritation-> C. renale invades

50
Q

How is seminal vesiculitis most commonly diagnosed:

A

Inflammatory cells detected on semen eval of bulls

51
Q

Common causes of seminal vesiculitis in bulls:

A

IBR
T. pyogenes
Leptospira interrogans serovar Hadjo

52
Q

In which species is prostatitis most common?

53
Q

Common causes of prostatitis:

A

S. pseudintermedius
E. coli
B-hemolytic Streps & Enterococcus
P. aeruginosa

54
Q

Tx for prostatitis:

A

Abx that can cross blood-prostatic barrier
High lipid solubility, weak base
(Fluroquinilones, TMS)

55
Q

Common route of infection for orchitis:

A

Mainly hematogenous

56
Q

Common route of infection of epidydimitis:

A

Mostly ascending

57
Q

What should ALWAYS be a differential for orchitis/epidydimitis?

58
Q

Bacterial differentials for orchitis/epidydimitis:

A

Brucella spp.
Actinobacillus seminis
Histophilus somni

59
Q

Vaginitis & Vulvitis are most common in which species?

A

Cows, sows, bitches

60
Q

Most common cause of Vaginitis & vulvitis in cows?

A

Mycoplasma & Ureaplasma
*Usually underlying factors involved

61
Q

Most common cause of Vaginitis & vulvitis in sows?

A

E. coli & other coliforms
*Usually underlying factors involved

62
Q

Most common cause of Vaginitis & vulvitis in bitches?

A

S. canis, E. coli, S. pseudintermedius

63
Q

Endometritis is of the highest significance in which species?

64
Q

What bacteria is most commonly implicated in endometritis in the mare?

A

S. equi ss zoo

65
Q

Metritis is of the greatest significance in which species?

A

Cows & bitches

66
Q

What bacteria are most commonly implicated in metritis?

A

Opportunistic pathogens

67
Q

Pyometra in cattle:

A

Closed always, associated with persistent CL
T. pyogenes most common

68
Q

Common bacteria implicated in canine pyometra:

A

E. coli**
B-hemolytic Streps
S. pseud
Enterobacterales
+/-2º invaders

69
Q

Campylobacter species associated with infertility/abortion in cattle?

A

C. fetus ss veneralis

70
Q

Campylobacter species associated with abortion storms & placentitis in small ruminants?

A

C. fetus ss. fetus

71
Q

Leptospira can cause abortions in which species?

A

Cattle, horses, pigs

72
Q

Two reproductive presentations of Listeria in ruminants:

A

Abortion & neonatal septicemia (result of visceral form/septicemia)

73
Q

Venereally Transmitted bacteria in horses:

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas
Taylorella equigenitalis (FAD)

74
Q

Venereally Transmitted bacteria in cattle:

A

C. fetus venerealis
Lepto
Myco borigenitalum
Ureaplasma diversum

75
Q

Venereally Transmitted bacteria in sheep/pigs/dogs:

A

Their brucella spp.

76
Q

Bacterial characteristics of Brucella spp.

A

Gram - rod
Strict Aerobe
Oxidase +
Facultative Intracellular

77
Q

B. abortus:

A

Cattle & Bison
Necrotic cotyledons, thickened +/- retained placenta, aborted endematous fetus
Epidydimitis in bulls

Also- fistulous withers & poll evil in horses

78
Q

B. mellitensus:

A

Goats & Sheep
Similar to abortus
Can cause mastitis in goats

79
Q

B. suis:

A

Pigs/Reindeer
Abortion, Epididymitis/Orchitis, Disseminated

80
Q

B.ovis:

A

Sheep
NOT zoonotic
Epidydimitis, late term abortion (rare), decreased flock fertility

81
Q

B. canis:

A

Dogs
Abortion >50 days, sick pups, Systemic dissemination, Discospondylitis, Postatitis, Epidydimitis, sperm abnormalities

82
Q

When is the greatest number of brucella shed?

A

@ time of abortion and up to 6wk post

83
Q

Pathogenesis of Brucella spp:

A

Carrier animals- Spread in placenta, blood, semen/secretions, urine, milk fomites
Ingestion/mucosal contact/venereal.congenital spread
Enters macrophages->LNs->Hematogenous-> LOVES erithritol (Lots in placenta)-> Abortion
Persists in macrophages

83
Q

Tx for Brucella spp:

A

In FA: Test & slaugter
In Dogs: Super long combo therapy, gonadectomy, NEVER actually ‘cured’- Potential zoonoses possible

Next Gen Final Exam (16 decks)

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