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Next Gen Final Exam > Review: Germs > Flashcards

Review: Germs Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of viral abortion in cats:

A

Panleukopenia, FHV-1, FIV, FLV, FIPV

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2
Q

What do you see with in utero infection of feline panleukopenia?

A

SMEDI-like
OR
Born with defects- cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrocephalous, optic n. atrophy, retinopathy, Thymic atrophy

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3
Q

What do you see with in-utero infection of FHV-1

A

Placental infacts & thrombosis

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4
Q

Viral causes of abortion in cattle?

A

BHV-1, BVDV, Bluetonge, Schmallenberg Virus (Europe), Akabane (Aus), Cache Valley Virus

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5
Q

Transmission and replication of BVDV

A

Oronasal transmission, replication in mucosa & palatine tonsil

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6
Q

Effects of BVDV based on time of infecion:

A

<99d: abortions, absorptions, mummy, stillbirths
90-200d: Prevented or Altered hair growth
133-162d: cerebellar hypoplasia & congenital defects
25-150d: PI animal
150-175: fetal antibodies :)

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7
Q

How is Schmallenberg virus transmitted?

A

By cuillicoides
Cattle are susceptible in days 70-150

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8
Q

Presentation of Schmallenberg Virus:

A

Dams have diarrhea, fever and drop in milk during the summer
In the winter, see calves born stillbirth and/or with congenital abnormalities (Scoliosis, CH, Arthrogryposis, hydrocephaly)

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9
Q

Viral causes of abortion in camelids:

A

BVDV, EHV 1&4, Blueongue

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10
Q

Viral causes of abortions in mares:

A

EHV 1&4, Equinw viral arteritis

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11
Q

When do abortions usually occur for equine viral arteritis?

A

6-29 days post clinical infection

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12
Q

Clinical signs of Equine Viral Arteritis:

A

Mares: systemic nasal discharge, limb and mammary edema
Stallions: sheath & scrotal edema
Fetal lesions: arteritis in heart & placenta

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of equine viral arteritis:

A

into macrophages-> cytoplasmic replication-> Local LN-> systemic spread-> viremia-> arteritis

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14
Q

Difference between EHV-1 and 4 in regards to abortion:

A

1- Single or epizootic abortion, stillbirths & neonatal death <3d
4- sporadic abortion

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15
Q

What do you see in EHV abortions?

A

SQ edema, icterus, MF hepatic necrosis, nuclear inclusion bodies
Placental edema

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16
Q

Viral causes of abortions in small ruminants:

A

Border Dz
Bluetongue
Cache Valley Virus
BVDV
Caprine Herpes Virus

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17
Q

When do you see BVDV abortions in small ruminants:

A

goats housed with cattle

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18
Q

Possible outcomes of Border Disease infection during gestation:

A

Abortion can occur at any stage,
Early embryonic death
Abortion & Stillbirth
Congenital malformations
Small, weak, immunosuppressed lambs (hairy)
Infection >85d- Normal lambs with antibodies

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19
Q

Bluetongue virus spread:

A

Not contagious, cuillicoides, arthropod orbivirus,
Sheep & deer affected the worst

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20
Q

Pathogenesis of Bluetongue:

A

infects vascular endothelial cells-> edema & hemorrhage

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21
Q

Lesions of bluetongue:

A

Adult- cyanosis of the tongue &inflammation of the coronary band
Fetus- mummiification, still birth, abortion, congenital brain malformations

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22
Q

Results of Cache Valley Virus infection:

A

Stillborn lambs with multiple congenital abnormalities
<32d: early embryonic death
32-37d: musculoskeltal & cerebellar malformations
37-48d: musculoskeletal malformations
Lesions Hydrocephaly, hydrancephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, arthrogryposis, scoliosis, hypoplasia of skeletal muscles

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23
Q

Timeline of SMEDI in pigs:

A

Stillborn & mummies: before day 70
Early embryonic death & infertility: infected embryos
Inf. >70d: alive & healthy

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24
Q

Viral causes of SMEDI in pigs:

A

PRRSV, Porcine Parvo, Porcine Enterovirus

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25
PRRSV Pathogenesis:
Highest mutation rate (vax limited) replicates in macrophages-> lungs causing URI/Pneumonia-> crosses placenta & causes late term abortions Virus usually in fetal thymus, need to sample multiple piglets, not all are infected
26
PRRSV Abortion presentation
Late term abortions +/- umbilical hemorrhage
27
Porcine Parvovirus pathogenesis:
Sows are immune if endemic, problem is with naive gilts Targets mitotically active cells, crosses placenta 10-14 days post inf Not all feti are infected at the same time (see multiple presentations of SMEDI)
28
What viral cause of abortion in sows is NOT commonly associated with SMEDI:
PHV-1 (Aujesky's)
29
PHV-1 Abortions:
May see 'SMEDI' but all deaths happen at the same time Typically no lesions, if any- multifocal hepatic necrosis & standard herpes lesions
30
Lesser common causes of viral abortions in sows:
CSF, Porcine circovirus, Japenese encephalitis virus
31
Viral causes of abortions in dogs:
CHV-1 Canine Parvovirus Canine Distemper & Adenovirus (due to stress on bitch)
32
Canine Herpes Virus 1 pathogenesis:
Replication best below body temp Abortion rare but HIGH neonatal death 6wk rule!! *dam develops immunity*
33
CHV-1 lesions:
MF Necrosis in multiple organs, Kidney hemorrhages, intranuclear inclusions
34
Canine Parvovirus abortions:
Rare due to immunity, but see myocardial necrosis & inflammation
35
In neospora caninum & toxoplasma gondii abortions (in lg animals) which one is "one and done" and which one continues to cause abortions in subsequent breeding?
N. caninum- continued problem; test and CULL T. gondii- does not affect subsequent gestations
36
Which species is most affected by T. gondii abortions:
Small ruminants
37
Which species is most affected by N. caninum abortions?
Cattle
38
What species, other than Ruminants, are affected by T. gondii abortions?
Pigs, mostly pasture/hobby farms
39
What are the results of T. gondii infection during gestation?
<80d: embryonic death/reabsorption (rarely noticed) 80-115d: abortion, stillbirth, perinatal death >115d: Congenitally infected born, (clinically healthy)
40
Placental lesions associated with T. gondii abortion
white necrotic lesions in cotyledons
41
Three Epidemiological Presentations of N. caninum abortions:
Abortion storms (epidemic) Inc. Annual Abortion rate (endemic) Subclinical
42
Outcomes of N. caninum infection during gestation:
Abortion/stillbirth, usually by 5-7mo Weak live calves Normal but infected calves (still a problem)
43
What stage of T. gondii and N. caninum are pathogenic? Infective?
Pathogenic- Tachyzoites Infective- Oocysts
44
Where does Tritrichomonas foetus colonize in bulls? In cows?
B: Epithelial lining of penis, prepuce, & distal urethra C: entire repro tract
45
Presentation of T. foetus in herds:
Typically seen as decreased herd fertility rates and/or longer open periods Often not detectable in cows (endometritis, vaginitis, etc) or bulls (+/- preputial discharge)
46
Defense mechanisms of the repro tract:
Mucosal immunity Resident flora Anatomy Estrogen
47
Predisposing factors to bacti infection of the repro tract:
Poor conformation Progesterone Pathology (CEH) Trauma/Dystocia Retained Fetal Membranes
48
Causes of Balanoposthitis:
C. renale Trueperella pyogenes +/- mycoplasma Herpes virus (EHV-3)
49
Pathogenesis of C. renale:
Increased protein in feed-> Increased urea in urine-> C. renale produces ureases Urea->Ammonia-> amonnia causes additional irritation-> C. renale invades
50
How is seminal vesiculitis most commonly diagnosed:
Inflammatory cells detected on semen eval of bulls
51
Common causes of seminal vesiculitis in bulls:
IBR T. pyogenes Leptospira interrogans serovar Hadjo
52
In which species is prostatitis most common?
Dogs
53
Common causes of prostatitis:
S. pseudintermedius E. coli B-hemolytic Streps & Enterococcus P. aeruginosa
54
Tx for prostatitis:
Abx that can cross blood-prostatic barrier High lipid solubility, weak base (Fluroquinilones, TMS)
55
Common route of infection for orchitis:
Mainly hematogenous
56
Common route of infection of epidydimitis:
Mostly ascending
57
What should ALWAYS be a differential for orchitis/epidydimitis?
Brucella
58
Bacterial differentials for orchitis/epidydimitis:
Brucella spp. Actinobacillus seminis Histophilus somni
59
Vaginitis & Vulvitis are most common in which species?
Cows, sows, bitches
60
Most common cause of Vaginitis & vulvitis in cows?
Mycoplasma & Ureaplasma *Usually underlying factors involved
61
Most common cause of Vaginitis & vulvitis in sows?
E. coli & other coliforms *Usually underlying factors involved
62
Most common cause of Vaginitis & vulvitis in bitches?
S. canis, E. coli, S. pseudintermedius
63
Endometritis is of the highest significance in which species?
The mare
64
What bacteria is most commonly implicated in endometritis in the mare?
S. equi ss zoo
65
Metritis is of the greatest significance in which species?
Cows & bitches
66
What bacteria are most commonly implicated in metritis?
Opportunistic pathogens
67
Pyometra in cattle:
Closed always, associated with persistent CL T. pyogenes most common
68
Common bacteria implicated in canine pyometra:
E. coli** B-hemolytic Streps S. pseud Enterobacterales +/-2º invaders
69
Campylobacter species associated with infertility/abortion in cattle?
C. fetus ss veneralis
70
Campylobacter species associated with abortion storms & placentitis in small ruminants?
C. fetus ss. fetus
71
Leptospira can cause abortions in which species?
Cattle, horses, pigs
72
Two reproductive presentations of Listeria in ruminants:
Abortion & neonatal septicemia (result of visceral form/septicemia)
73
Venereally Transmitted bacteria in horses:
Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas Taylorella equigenitalis (FAD)
74
Venereally Transmitted bacteria in cattle:
C. fetus venerealis Lepto Myco borigenitalum Ureaplasma diversum
75
Venereally Transmitted bacteria in sheep/pigs/dogs:
Their brucella spp.
76
Bacterial characteristics of Brucella spp.
Gram - rod Strict Aerobe Oxidase + Facultative Intracellular
77
B. abortus:
Cattle & Bison Necrotic cotyledons, thickened +/- retained placenta, aborted endematous fetus Epidydimitis in bulls Also- fistulous withers & poll evil in horses
78
B. mellitensus:
Goats & Sheep Similar to abortus Can cause mastitis in goats
79
B. suis:
Pigs/Reindeer Abortion, Epididymitis/Orchitis, Disseminated
80
B.ovis:
Sheep NOT zoonotic Epidydimitis, late term abortion (rare), decreased flock fertility
81
B. canis:
Dogs Abortion >50 days, sick pups, Systemic dissemination, Discospondylitis, Postatitis, Epidydimitis, sperm abnormalities
82
When is the greatest number of brucella shed?
@ time of abortion and up to 6wk post
83
Pathogenesis of Brucella spp:
Carrier animals- Spread in placenta, blood, semen/secretions, urine, milk fomites Ingestion/mucosal contact/venereal.congenital spread Enters macrophages->LNs->Hematogenous-> LOVES erithritol (Lots in placenta)-> Abortion Persists in macrophages
83
Tx for Brucella spp:
In FA: Test & slaugter In Dogs: Super long combo therapy, gonadectomy, NEVER actually 'cured'- Potential zoonoses possible

Next Gen Final Exam (16 decks)

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