Review: Parturition Flashcards
What are the 3 Ps of fetal presentation?
Presentation, Position, Posture
Describe “presentation” of the fetus:
Longitudinal axis of the fetus in relation to the birth canal
Anterior vs. Posterior
Describe “position” of the fetus:
Relationship of the DORSUM of the fetus to the quadrants of the maternal pelvis
Dorso-sacral vs. Dorsopubic
Describe “posture” of the fetus:
Position of the extremities, head, and neck of the fetus
Examples: head back, wry neck, leg back,
What is the “normal” presentation of a fetus?
Anterior presentation
Dorsal-sacral position
Front limbs and head extended
Stage 1 of parturition:
Overall restlessness
+/- Anorexia
Separation from herd/flock
Ends with rupture of chorioallantoic membrane
Stage 2 of Parturition:
Active contractions with pushing
Ends with passage of the fetus
Should be rapid!
Stage 3 of Parturition:
Expulsion of fetal tissue (placenta)
In litter bearing species, cycle between stage 2 and 3 until all fetuses delivered
Stage 1 of Bovine parturition is typically longer in:
Heifers
How long does Stage 1 typically last in Bovine species?
Average 6 hours, up to 24 hours
Stage 2 in Bovine species typically lasts:
2-4 hours on average
Calf can survive up to 8 hours if umbilicus is intact
How long on average should we see the placenta pass in bovine species?
8 hours on average
Describe Stage 1 specifically for Equine species:
Most mares foal at night, 12a-6a
1-4 hours on average
Can delay if interrupted (need quiet/cameras in foaling barn)
Describe Stage 2 in Equine species:
Frequent urination/defecation
Pushing & delivery
11-20 min on average (forceful/fast)
Describe Stage 3 in Equine:
Pass placenta in whole by 3 hours (need to layout and check)
“1, 2, 3 Rule”
-Foal standing within 1 hour
-Foal standing and nursing within 2 hours
-Placenta passes entirely in 3 hours
Typical time for Stage 1 of Small Ruminants?
Primiparous: 2-12 hours
Pluriparous: 1-2 hours
Typical time for Stage 2 for Small Ruminants?
1-3 hours on average, depends on number of fetuses
Timeline for Stage 3 for Small Ruminants?
Pass placenta in whole by 1 hour, considered retained at 12 hours
Average time for Stage 1 for Small Animals?
16-18 hours on average
Average time for Stage 2 for Small Animals?
4-12 hours on average
Average time for Stage 3 for Small Animals?
No set time, cycling between stage 2 and 3 until all fetuses are passed
Retained placentas are RARE
In pigs, when do the females start nesting?
At least 24 hours before Stage 1
Stage 1 in pigs typically lasts:
2-12 hours
Piglets expelled every _____ and duration can be _____ for the whole litter
15 min; 2-4 hours