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Next Gen Final Exam > Review: LA Diseases > Flashcards

Review: LA Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Most common ovarian tumor of mares & Characteristics:

A

Granulosa Cell Tumor (+/- theca cells)
Benign, slow growing, and usually unilateral

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2
Q

Clinical symptoms associated with GCT/GTCT:

A

Behavioral changes:
Aggression, Stallion-like, markedly prolonged estrus, anestrus

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3
Q

Ultrasound findings and Hormonal Analysis consistent with GCT/GTCT:

A

1 enlarged, 1 inactive ovary
Honeycomb, solid mass, single lg cyst
Low Prog
High Test, Inhibin, & AMH

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4
Q

Tx of GCT/GTCT:

A

Surgical removal is curative

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5
Q

Less common types of ovarian tumors in mares:

A

Terratoma- benign
Dysgerminoma- malignant, rapid spread (SOL)
Cystadenoma-benign

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6
Q

Ovarian Hematomas in mares:

A

Ovulation with excessive hemorrhage
May show colic signs
Often luteinize, then respond to prostaglandins

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7
Q

Persistent CL in mares:

A

failure to lyse at the end of diestrus, continued progesterone production
Responds well to prostaglandins

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8
Q

Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles in mares:

A

3-8% of ovulations
Unpredictable
Most lutenize & respond to PGF
If not, may spontaneously regress
Prolonged interovulatory pd

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9
Q

Causes of anestrus in mares:

A

Seasonal, Nutritional, lactation, developmental, senescense, silent heat, endometrial cups (abortion >35 days)

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10
Q

Urine pooling in mares:

A

Caused by nerve damage/age/poor conf.
Inflammation->Scarring->Reduced fertility
Uterine Lavage & Sx

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11
Q

Cervical/Vaginal Abnormalities of the Mare:

A

Cervicitis/Vaginitis (often associated with endometritis, or irritation/air)
Persistent Hymen

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12
Q

Lacerations/Foaling Trauma in the mare:

A

Cervical- evaluate in diestrus, >50% has poor prognosis for future pregnancies
Rectovaginal fistula- sx repair 6wk pp

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13
Q

Predisposing factors for endometritis in mares:

A

Age, PPID, Degenerative uterine changes, repeated foaling, poor vulvar conformation, abnormal cervix

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14
Q

Infectious causes of endometritis in mares:

A

Repro tract contamination- Inadequate seal or breeding
Bacti (the normal culprits)
Fungal (Candida albicans, Apergillus spp, Actinomyces fumigatus)

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15
Q

Non-infectious causes of endometritis in mares:

A

Post mating endometritis (delayed uterine clearance)
Irritants- Air, Urine

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16
Q

Tx of endometritis in mares:

A

Uterine Lavage, Uterine Infusion, Ecbolic Drugs (Oxytocin, Cloprostenol, PGF)
Systemic v. Intrauterine Abx

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17
Q

Endometrial cysts in mares:

A

dilated endometrial glands/lymphatic vessels
Similar appearance to early embryos

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18
Q

Contagious Equine Metritis

A

Taylorella equigenitalis
Grey vulvar discharge
REPORTABLE
not in US

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19
Q

Viral venereal diseases of horses:

A

Equine arteritis virus
Equine coital exanthema (EHV3)

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20
Q

Protozoal venereal disease of horses:

A

Dourine
Trypanasoma equiperidum
Silverdollar plaques
High mortality
REPORTABLE

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21
Q

Natural reduction of twins occurs when?

A

Before 40 days;
Much more likely if both embryos fix in the same horn

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22
Q

When is the ideal time to manually reduce twins?

A

13-16 days

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23
Q

How can you reduce twins at 16-45 days?

A

Transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration

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24
Q

How can you reduce twins at 60-120 days?

A

Cervical dislocation

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25
Q

How can you reduce twins at 110-130 days?

A

Transcutaneous ultrasound guided (injection into heart)

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26
Q

Common complications with twins born alive:

A

Difficult labor
Smaller than normal
FPT
Incomplete ossification of the carpal bones
Varus/Valgus
Early neonatal death

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27
Q

Causative factors of vaginal prolapse in cattle:

A

Inherited predisposition
Poor perineal conformation
High estrogen level (relaxation of pelvic ligaments)
Inc Abdominal Pressure
Increased irritation (drying or frostbite)
Straining

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28
Q

Pathophysiology of pregnancy toxemia:

A

Twin Lamb disease
Ruminant Fetuses trap glucose
Really thin or really fat females
Females cannot consume enough food (fetus takes up space)

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29
Q

Vaginal prolapse is more common in sheep that are _______ in gestation and on _________ forage.

A

Late
Estrogenic (like clover)

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30
Q

Intersex conditions in goats are associated with what signalment & genetics?

A

Dairy goats
associated with. the polled gene

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31
Q

False Pregnancy in Goats:

A

Dairy goats
Cloudburst/Hydrometra
Due to retained CL
Unknown Cause
Tx w/ prostaglandins

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32
Q

Hypospadia:

A

Failure of preputial closure
Mostly in bucks

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33
Q

Important factor of persistent penile frenulum:

A

Heritable trait! do not breed even after resolution

34
Q

Causes of Balanoposthitis in Ruminants:

A

Bovine Herpes
C. renale
Habronemiasis & SCC in Equine

35
Q

Phimosis:

A

Inability to extend the penis

36
Q

Causes of phimosis in LA:

A

Small preputial orifice
Hair rings
Persistent Frenulum

37
Q

Paraphimosis:

A

inability to retract the penis

38
Q

Causes of paraphimosis in LA:

A

Tranquilizers in stallions
Traumas/Hematomas
+/- associated persistent erection (priapism)

39
Q

Penile hematomas are due to a rupture of what structure?

A

Tunica albuginea of the dorsal surface

40
Q

Tx for penile hematomas:

A

Hydrotherapy, Abx (blood is a great bacti growth medium), Anti Inflamms
Sexual rest for 60-90 days

41
Q

LA inguinal hernias most commonly occur on which side?

A

Left

42
Q

Where are cryptorchid testes in stallions most commonly located?

A

inguinal canal

43
Q

Where are cryptorchid testes in boars most commonly located?

A

intra-abdominal

44
Q

Where are cryptorchid testes in ruminants most commonly located?

A

flank, inguinal canal, or intra-abdominal

45
Q

LA Causes of scrotal swelling:

A

Epididymitis, Orchitis, Sperm granuloma/abscess, hydrocele, varicocele, torsion of spermatic cord

46
Q

Seminal vesiculitis is most common in what species?

A

Bulls

47
Q

Tx for Seminal vesiculitis:

A

hard to tx, cull

48
Q

Epididymitis is most common in ___________ (species), due to ___________ (pathogen)

A

Rams; Brucella ovis

49
Q

Categories of equine placentitis:

A

Ascending (more common)
Systemic

50
Q

Possible etiologies of systemic placentitis:

A

Lepto
Nocardiform
Mare reproductive loss syndrome- the eastern tent caterpillar thing

51
Q

Clinical signs of pacentitis in mares:

A

Premature indicators of impending parturition
Vulvar discharge
Abortion

52
Q

Tx varies for placentitis in mares based on what major factor?

A

Abortion vs. Non-viable fetus vs. viable fetus

53
Q

Syndrome in mares associated with endophyte-infected fescue:

A

Prolonged gestation, abortion, thickened placenta (& premature separation), retained placenta, agalactia

54
Q

When does uterine torsion most commonly occur in mares?

A

Mid-late gestation: 5-9 mo

55
Q

clinical signs of rupture of the uterine artery in mares:

A

Colic, Tachycardia, Pale MM

56
Q

What is the ‘best case scenario’ for rupture of the uterine artery in mares:

A

Rupture in the broad ligament- forms hematoma & typically stops

Much better than unrestrained bleeding if ruptures in uterus

57
Q

Prepubic tendon rupture in mares:

A

Rarem but poor prognosis for both mom & baby
Caused by hydroallantois, older mares, bucking mares

58
Q

Appearance of red bag in mares:

A

Red, velvety
See cervical star to know it is placenta

59
Q

Tx of redbag in mares:

A

EMERGENT
Owner needs to cut chorioallantois & deliver foal
May need to resuscitate foal

60
Q

Factors that predispose a peri-partum mare to colic:

A

Sudden change in abdominal fill
Dietary changes
change in housing/routine

61
Q

When is a placenta considered retained>

A

> 3h post foaling

62
Q

Early tx of retained placenta in mares:

A

Oxytocin
NSAIDs
Uterine Lavage
Placental weights

63
Q

Late tx of retained plaventa in mares:

A

Systemic +/- intrauterine abx
NSAIDs
Ecbolics (Oxytocin/PGF)
Uterine Lavage +/-burns or dutch procedure
Laminitis prevention methods

64
Q

When must lupines be ingested to cause congenital abnormalities:

A

40-70 d in gestation

65
Q

What defects can be caused by lupines?

A

congenital contractures-
Limb & Cleft palate in calves
arthrogryposis, torticollis, kyphosis, scoliosis

66
Q

When does ingestion of poison hemlock cause defects:

A

50-75 days

67
Q

Defects seen due to ingestion of poison hemlock?

A

Similar to lupines
Congenital contractures, arthrogryposis, cleft palate

68
Q

What gestational toxin is similar to those of lupines & poison hemlocks:

A

Tree tobacco

69
Q

What can be caused by chronic exposure to locoweeds?

A

CNS Derangement, Heart Failure
Many complications

Reduced libido & diminished sperm production

70
Q

when can pine needle consumption cause abortion?

A

Last trimester

71
Q

When is pine needle consumption most likely to occur?

A

Severe winter weather (cattle stay under pine trees as shelter)

72
Q

Pathophysiology of pine needle toxicity in cattle?

A

Profound constriction of caruncular arterial bed=> Dec. uterine blood flow=> premature parturition

73
Q

Effects of broomweed:

A

Abortion or premature birth of weak calves

74
Q

Effect of endophyte infested fescue in cattle:

A

“Summer Slump”
Looks like frostbite
Heatstress, decreased estrus, reduced calving rates (embryo losses) etc etc

75
Q

Where do you find gossypol?

A

Cottonseed & cottonseed meal

76
Q

Gossypol tox is due to a ____________ effect

A

CUMULATIVE
(Several weeks)

77
Q

Gossypol toxicity signs are more exhibited in _________
What are these signs?

A

Males;
Marked testicular damage, reduced sperm motility and increased midpiece abnormalities

78
Q

What can nitrates & nitrites cause in cattle?

A

Abortions, especially late gestation

79
Q

Result (and TIMING) of veratrum californicum in sheep

A

Cyclopia & arthrogryposis
Consumed on days 12-14 of gestation

80
Q

Zearalenone has what effect on swine?

A

Estrogenic effects!
Implantation failure, signs of estrus, enlarged vulva, delayed maturity
Rectal or Vaginal prolapses
Prepubertal males may have reduced testicular development & feminization

Next Gen Final Exam (16 decks)

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