Review: LA Diseases Flashcards by Madison Cogle

Most common ovarian tumor of mares & Characteristics:

Granulosa Cell Tumor (+/- theca cells)
Benign, slow growing, and usually unilateral

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Clinical symptoms associated with GCT/GTCT:

Behavioral changes:
Aggression, Stallion-like, markedly prolonged estrus, anestrus

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Ultrasound findings and Hormonal Analysis consistent with GCT/GTCT:

1 enlarged, 1 inactive ovary
Honeycomb, solid mass, single lg cyst
Low Prog
High Test, Inhibin, & AMH

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Tx of GCT/GTCT:

Surgical removal is curative

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Less common types of ovarian tumors in mares:

Terratoma- benign
Dysgerminoma- malignant, rapid spread (SOL)
Cystadenoma-benign

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Ovarian Hematomas in mares:

Ovulation with excessive hemorrhage
May show colic signs
Often luteinize, then respond to prostaglandins

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Persistent CL in mares:

failure to lyse at the end of diestrus, continued progesterone production
Responds well to prostaglandins

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Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles in mares:

3-8% of ovulations
Unpredictable
Most lutenize & respond to PGF
If not, may spontaneously regress
Prolonged interovulatory pd

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Causes of anestrus in mares:

Seasonal, Nutritional, lactation, developmental, senescense, silent heat, endometrial cups (abortion >35 days)

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Urine pooling in mares:

Caused by nerve damage/age/poor conf.
Inflammation->Scarring->Reduced fertility
Uterine Lavage & Sx

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Cervical/Vaginal Abnormalities of the Mare:

Cervicitis/Vaginitis (often associated with endometritis, or irritation/air)
Persistent Hymen

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Lacerations/Foaling Trauma in the mare:

Cervical- evaluate in diestrus, >50% has poor prognosis for future pregnancies
Rectovaginal fistula- sx repair 6wk pp

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Predisposing factors for endometritis in mares:

Age, PPID, Degenerative uterine changes, repeated foaling, poor vulvar conformation, abnormal cervix

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Infectious causes of endometritis in mares:

Repro tract contamination- Inadequate seal or breeding
Bacti (the normal culprits)
Fungal (Candida albicans, Apergillus spp, Actinomyces fumigatus)

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Non-infectious causes of endometritis in mares:

Post mating endometritis (delayed uterine clearance)
Irritants- Air, Urine

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Tx of endometritis in mares:

Uterine Lavage, Uterine Infusion, Ecbolic Drugs (Oxytocin, Cloprostenol, PGF)
Systemic v. Intrauterine Abx

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Endometrial cysts in mares:

dilated endometrial glands/lymphatic vessels
Similar appearance to early embryos

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Contagious Equine Metritis

Taylorella equigenitalis
Grey vulvar discharge
REPORTABLE
not in US

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Viral venereal diseases of horses:

Equine arteritis virus
Equine coital exanthema (EHV3)

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Protozoal venereal disease of horses:

Dourine
Trypanasoma equiperidum
Silverdollar plaques
High mortality
REPORTABLE

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Natural reduction of twins occurs when?

Before 40 days;
Much more likely if both embryos fix in the same horn

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When is the ideal time to manually reduce twins?

13-16 days

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How can you reduce twins at 16-45 days?

Transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration

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How can you reduce twins at 60-120 days?

Cervical dislocation

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How can you reduce twins at 110-130 days?

Transcutaneous ultrasound guided (injection into heart)

Common complications with twins born alive:

Difficult labor Smaller than normal FPT Incomplete ossification of the carpal bones Varus/Valgus Early neonatal death

Causative factors of vaginal prolapse in cattle:

Inherited predisposition Poor perineal conformation High estrogen level (relaxation of pelvic ligaments) Inc Abdominal Pressure Increased irritation (drying or frostbite) Straining

Pathophysiology of pregnancy toxemia:

Twin Lamb disease Ruminant Fetuses trap glucose Really thin or really fat females Females cannot consume enough food (fetus takes up space)

Vaginal prolapse is more common in sheep that are _______ in gestation and on _________ forage.

Late Estrogenic (like clover)

Intersex conditions in goats are associated with what signalment & genetics?

Dairy goats associated with. the polled gene

False Pregnancy in Goats:

Dairy goats Cloudburst/Hydrometra Due to retained CL Unknown Cause Tx w/ prostaglandins

Hypospadia:

Failure of preputial closure Mostly in bucks

Important factor of persistent penile frenulum:

Heritable trait! do not breed even after resolution

Causes of Balanoposthitis in Ruminants:

Bovine Herpes C. renale Habronemiasis & SCC in Equine

Phimosis:

Inability to extend the penis

Causes of phimosis in LA:

Small preputial orifice Hair rings Persistent Frenulum

Paraphimosis:

inability to retract the penis

Causes of paraphimosis in LA:

Tranquilizers in stallions Traumas/Hematomas +/- associated persistent erection (priapism)

Penile hematomas are due to a rupture of what structure?

Tunica albuginea of the dorsal surface

Tx for penile hematomas:

Hydrotherapy, Abx (blood is a great bacti growth medium), Anti Inflamms Sexual rest for 60-90 days

LA inguinal hernias most commonly occur on which side?

Left

Where are cryptorchid testes in stallions most commonly located?

inguinal canal

Where are cryptorchid testes in boars most commonly located?

intra-abdominal

Where are cryptorchid testes in ruminants most commonly located?

flank, inguinal canal, or intra-abdominal

LA Causes of scrotal swelling:

Epididymitis, Orchitis, Sperm granuloma/abscess, hydrocele, varicocele, torsion of spermatic cord

Seminal vesiculitis is most common in what species?

Bulls

Tx for Seminal vesiculitis:

hard to tx, cull

Epididymitis is most common in ___________ (species), due to ___________ (pathogen)

Rams; Brucella ovis

Categories of equine placentitis:

Ascending (more common) Systemic

Possible etiologies of systemic placentitis:

Lepto Nocardiform Mare reproductive loss syndrome- the eastern tent caterpillar thing

Clinical signs of pacentitis in mares:

Premature indicators of impending parturition Vulvar discharge Abortion

Tx varies for placentitis in mares based on what major factor?

Abortion vs. Non-viable fetus vs. viable fetus

Syndrome in mares associated with endophyte-infected fescue:

Prolonged gestation, abortion, thickened placenta (& premature separation), retained placenta, agalactia

When does uterine torsion most commonly occur in mares?

Mid-late gestation: 5-9 mo

clinical signs of rupture of the uterine artery in mares:

Colic, Tachycardia, Pale MM

What is the 'best case scenario' for rupture of the uterine artery in mares:

Rupture in the broad ligament- forms hematoma & typically stops Much better than unrestrained bleeding if ruptures in uterus

Prepubic tendon rupture in mares:

Rarem but poor prognosis for both mom & baby Caused by hydroallantois, older mares, bucking mares

Appearance of red bag in mares:

Red, velvety See cervical star to know it is placenta

Tx of redbag in mares:

EMERGENT Owner needs to cut chorioallantois & deliver foal May need to resuscitate foal

Factors that predispose a peri-partum mare to colic:

Sudden change in abdominal fill Dietary changes change in housing/routine

When is a placenta considered retained>

>3h post foaling

Early tx of retained placenta in mares:

Oxytocin NSAIDs Uterine Lavage Placental weights

Late tx of retained plaventa in mares:

Systemic +/- intrauterine abx NSAIDs Ecbolics (Oxytocin/PGF) Uterine Lavage +/-burns or dutch procedure Laminitis prevention methods

When must lupines be ingested to cause congenital abnormalities:

40-70 d in gestation

What defects can be caused by lupines?

congenital contractures- Limb & Cleft palate in calves arthrogryposis, torticollis, kyphosis, scoliosis

When does ingestion of poison hemlock cause defects:

50-75 days

Defects seen due to ingestion of poison hemlock?

Similar to lupines Congenital contractures, arthrogryposis, cleft palate

What gestational toxin is similar to those of lupines & poison hemlocks:

Tree tobacco

What can be caused by chronic exposure to locoweeds?

CNS Derangement, Heart Failure Many complications Reduced libido & diminished sperm production

when can pine needle consumption cause abortion?

Last trimester

When is pine needle consumption most likely to occur?

Severe winter weather (cattle stay under pine trees as shelter)

Pathophysiology of pine needle toxicity in cattle?

Profound constriction of caruncular arterial bed=> Dec. uterine blood flow=> premature parturition

Effects of broomweed:

Abortion or premature birth of weak calves

Effect of endophyte infested fescue in cattle:

"Summer Slump" Looks like frostbite Heatstress, decreased estrus, reduced calving rates (embryo losses) etc etc

Where do you find gossypol?

Cottonseed & cottonseed meal

Gossypol tox is due to a ____________ effect

CUMULATIVE (Several weeks)

Gossypol toxicity signs are more exhibited in _________ What are these signs?

Males; Marked testicular damage, reduced sperm motility and increased midpiece abnormalities

What can nitrates & nitrites cause in cattle?

Abortions, especially late gestation

Result (and TIMING) of veratrum californicum in sheep

Cyclopia & arthrogryposis Consumed on days 12-14 of gestation

Zearalenone has what effect on swine?

Estrogenic effects! Implantation failure, signs of estrus, enlarged vulva, delayed maturity Rectal or Vaginal prolapses Prepubertal males may have reduced testicular development & feminization