Review: LA Diseases Flashcards
Most common ovarian tumor of mares & Characteristics:
Granulosa Cell Tumor (+/- theca cells)
Benign, slow growing, and usually unilateral
Clinical symptoms associated with GCT/GTCT:
Behavioral changes:
Aggression, Stallion-like, markedly prolonged estrus, anestrus
Ultrasound findings and Hormonal Analysis consistent with GCT/GTCT:
1 enlarged, 1 inactive ovary
Honeycomb, solid mass, single lg cyst
Low Prog
High Test, Inhibin, & AMH
Tx of GCT/GTCT:
Surgical removal is curative
Less common types of ovarian tumors in mares:
Terratoma- benign
Dysgerminoma- malignant, rapid spread (SOL)
Cystadenoma-benign
Ovarian Hematomas in mares:
Ovulation with excessive hemorrhage
May show colic signs
Often luteinize, then respond to prostaglandins
Persistent CL in mares:
failure to lyse at the end of diestrus, continued progesterone production
Responds well to prostaglandins
Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles in mares:
3-8% of ovulations
Unpredictable
Most lutenize & respond to PGF
If not, may spontaneously regress
Prolonged interovulatory pd
Causes of anestrus in mares:
Seasonal, Nutritional, lactation, developmental, senescense, silent heat, endometrial cups (abortion >35 days)
Urine pooling in mares:
Caused by nerve damage/age/poor conf.
Inflammation->Scarring->Reduced fertility
Uterine Lavage & Sx
Cervical/Vaginal Abnormalities of the Mare:
Cervicitis/Vaginitis (often associated with endometritis, or irritation/air)
Persistent Hymen
Lacerations/Foaling Trauma in the mare:
Cervical- evaluate in diestrus, >50% has poor prognosis for future pregnancies
Rectovaginal fistula- sx repair 6wk pp
Predisposing factors for endometritis in mares:
Age, PPID, Degenerative uterine changes, repeated foaling, poor vulvar conformation, abnormal cervix
Infectious causes of endometritis in mares:
Repro tract contamination- Inadequate seal or breeding
Bacti (the normal culprits)
Fungal (Candida albicans, Apergillus spp, Actinomyces fumigatus)
Non-infectious causes of endometritis in mares:
Post mating endometritis (delayed uterine clearance)
Irritants- Air, Urine
Tx of endometritis in mares:
Uterine Lavage, Uterine Infusion, Ecbolic Drugs (Oxytocin, Cloprostenol, PGF)
Systemic v. Intrauterine Abx
Endometrial cysts in mares:
dilated endometrial glands/lymphatic vessels
Similar appearance to early embryos
Contagious Equine Metritis
Taylorella equigenitalis
Grey vulvar discharge
REPORTABLE
not in US
Viral venereal diseases of horses:
Equine arteritis virus
Equine coital exanthema (EHV3)
Protozoal venereal disease of horses:
Dourine
Trypanasoma equiperidum
Silverdollar plaques
High mortality
REPORTABLE
Natural reduction of twins occurs when?
Before 40 days;
Much more likely if both embryos fix in the same horn
When is the ideal time to manually reduce twins?
13-16 days
How can you reduce twins at 16-45 days?
Transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration
How can you reduce twins at 60-120 days?
Cervical dislocation
How can you reduce twins at 110-130 days?
Transcutaneous ultrasound guided (injection into heart)
Common complications with twins born alive:
Difficult labor
Smaller than normal
FPT
Incomplete ossification of the carpal bones
Varus/Valgus
Early neonatal death
Causative factors of vaginal prolapse in cattle:
Inherited predisposition
Poor perineal conformation
High estrogen level (relaxation of pelvic ligaments)
Inc Abdominal Pressure
Increased irritation (drying or frostbite)
Straining
Pathophysiology of pregnancy toxemia:
Twin Lamb disease
Ruminant Fetuses trap glucose
Really thin or really fat females
Females cannot consume enough food (fetus takes up space)
Vaginal prolapse is more common in sheep that are _______ in gestation and on _________ forage.
Late
Estrogenic (like clover)
Intersex conditions in goats are associated with what signalment & genetics?
Dairy goats
associated with. the polled gene
False Pregnancy in Goats:
Dairy goats
Cloudburst/Hydrometra
Due to retained CL
Unknown Cause
Tx w/ prostaglandins
Hypospadia:
Failure of preputial closure
Mostly in bucks
Important factor of persistent penile frenulum:
Heritable trait! do not breed even after resolution
Causes of Balanoposthitis in Ruminants:
Bovine Herpes
C. renale
Habronemiasis & SCC in Equine
Phimosis:
Inability to extend the penis
Causes of phimosis in LA:
Small preputial orifice
Hair rings
Persistent Frenulum
Paraphimosis:
inability to retract the penis
Causes of paraphimosis in LA:
Tranquilizers in stallions
Traumas/Hematomas
+/- associated persistent erection (priapism)
Penile hematomas are due to a rupture of what structure?
Tunica albuginea of the dorsal surface
Tx for penile hematomas:
Hydrotherapy, Abx (blood is a great bacti growth medium), Anti Inflamms
Sexual rest for 60-90 days
LA inguinal hernias most commonly occur on which side?
Left
Where are cryptorchid testes in stallions most commonly located?
inguinal canal
Where are cryptorchid testes in boars most commonly located?
intra-abdominal
Where are cryptorchid testes in ruminants most commonly located?
flank, inguinal canal, or intra-abdominal
LA Causes of scrotal swelling:
Epididymitis, Orchitis, Sperm granuloma/abscess, hydrocele, varicocele, torsion of spermatic cord
Seminal vesiculitis is most common in what species?
Bulls
Tx for Seminal vesiculitis:
hard to tx, cull
Epididymitis is most common in ___________ (species), due to ___________ (pathogen)
Rams; Brucella ovis
Categories of equine placentitis:
Ascending (more common)
Systemic
Possible etiologies of systemic placentitis:
Lepto
Nocardiform
Mare reproductive loss syndrome- the eastern tent caterpillar thing
Clinical signs of pacentitis in mares:
Premature indicators of impending parturition
Vulvar discharge
Abortion
Tx varies for placentitis in mares based on what major factor?
Abortion vs. Non-viable fetus vs. viable fetus
Syndrome in mares associated with endophyte-infected fescue:
Prolonged gestation, abortion, thickened placenta (& premature separation), retained placenta, agalactia
When does uterine torsion most commonly occur in mares?
Mid-late gestation: 5-9 mo
clinical signs of rupture of the uterine artery in mares:
Colic, Tachycardia, Pale MM
What is the ‘best case scenario’ for rupture of the uterine artery in mares:
Rupture in the broad ligament- forms hematoma & typically stops
Much better than unrestrained bleeding if ruptures in uterus
Prepubic tendon rupture in mares:
Rarem but poor prognosis for both mom & baby
Caused by hydroallantois, older mares, bucking mares
Appearance of red bag in mares:
Red, velvety
See cervical star to know it is placenta
Tx of redbag in mares:
EMERGENT
Owner needs to cut chorioallantois & deliver foal
May need to resuscitate foal
Factors that predispose a peri-partum mare to colic:
Sudden change in abdominal fill
Dietary changes
change in housing/routine
When is a placenta considered retained>
> 3h post foaling
Early tx of retained placenta in mares:
Oxytocin
NSAIDs
Uterine Lavage
Placental weights
Late tx of retained plaventa in mares:
Systemic +/- intrauterine abx
NSAIDs
Ecbolics (Oxytocin/PGF)
Uterine Lavage +/-burns or dutch procedure
Laminitis prevention methods
When must lupines be ingested to cause congenital abnormalities:
40-70 d in gestation
What defects can be caused by lupines?
congenital contractures-
Limb & Cleft palate in calves
arthrogryposis, torticollis, kyphosis, scoliosis
When does ingestion of poison hemlock cause defects:
50-75 days
Defects seen due to ingestion of poison hemlock?
Similar to lupines
Congenital contractures, arthrogryposis, cleft palate
What gestational toxin is similar to those of lupines & poison hemlocks:
Tree tobacco
What can be caused by chronic exposure to locoweeds?
CNS Derangement, Heart Failure
Many complications
Reduced libido & diminished sperm production
when can pine needle consumption cause abortion?
Last trimester
When is pine needle consumption most likely to occur?
Severe winter weather (cattle stay under pine trees as shelter)
Pathophysiology of pine needle toxicity in cattle?
Profound constriction of caruncular arterial bed=> Dec. uterine blood flow=> premature parturition
Effects of broomweed:
Abortion or premature birth of weak calves
Effect of endophyte infested fescue in cattle:
“Summer Slump”
Looks like frostbite
Heatstress, decreased estrus, reduced calving rates (embryo losses) etc etc
Where do you find gossypol?
Cottonseed & cottonseed meal
Gossypol tox is due to a ____________ effect
CUMULATIVE
(Several weeks)
Gossypol toxicity signs are more exhibited in _________
What are these signs?
Males;
Marked testicular damage, reduced sperm motility and increased midpiece abnormalities
What can nitrates & nitrites cause in cattle?
Abortions, especially late gestation
Result (and TIMING) of veratrum californicum in sheep
Cyclopia & arthrogryposis
Consumed on days 12-14 of gestation
Zearalenone has what effect on swine?
Estrogenic effects!
Implantation failure, signs of estrus, enlarged vulva, delayed maturity
Rectal or Vaginal prolapses
Prepubertal males may have reduced testicular development & feminization
