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Paramedic > Review Of The Human System > Flashcards

Review Of The Human System Flashcards

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1
Q

Afferent division

A

Nerve fibers that send impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system

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2
Q

Anatomical position

A

A position standing erect with the feet and palms facing the examiner.

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3
Q

Anterior

A

The front, ventral surface.

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4
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny vessels that connect arterioles to venules.

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5
Q

Central nervous system

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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6
Q

Efferent division

A

Nerve fibers that’s end impulses form the central nervous system to the peripheral

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

A state of equilibrium in the body with respect to the functions and composition of fluids and tissues.

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8
Q

Inferior

A

Towards the feet, below the point of reference in the anatomical position

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9
Q

Integumentary system

A

The largest organ system in the body consisting of the skin and accessory structures.

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10
Q

Limbic system

A

The part of the brain involved with emotions and olfaction

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11
Q

Lymphatic system

A

The network of vessels, ducts, nodes, valves, and organs involved in protecting and maintaining the internal fluid environment of the body.

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12
Q

Organ

A

A structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized to perform a more complex function than any one tissue alone.

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13
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system usually involved in activating vegetative functions such as digestion, defecation and urination

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14
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

A subdivision of the nervous system consisting of nerves and ganglia

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15
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The outer covering of a cell that contains the cellular cytoplasm also known as the cell membrane

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16
Q

Posterior

A

The back or dorsal surface

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17
Q

Prone

A

The position in which the patient is lying on the stomach , face down

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18
Q

Reticular activation system

A

A functional system in the brain essential for wakefulness attention, concentration and introspection

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19
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system composed of never fibers that send impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle.

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20
Q

Superior

A

Situated above or higher than a point of reference in the anatomical position

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21
Q

System

A

Interconnected functions or organs in which a stimulus or an action in one area affects all other areas

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22
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separated the thoracic cavity with the abdominal cavity

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23
Q

Parts of the human cell

A

Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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24
Q

Extracellular

A

Outside of the membrane

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25
Q

Intercellular

A

Between cells

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26
Q

Intracellular

A

Inside the membrane

27
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Lungs

28
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Heart

29
Q

Cilia

A

Short hair like extensions on the free surfaces of some cells capable of movement

30
Q

Mitosis

A

Cells divide to multiply

31
Q

Tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue

32
Q

Neurons

A

Are nerve cells
Conducting cells of the nervous system
Cell body , dendrite and axon

33
Q

Skin

A

Sheet like organ composed of two distinct layers of tissue. Epidermis and dermis.

34
Q

Glands

A

Major glands of the skin are sebaceous and sweat glands.

35
Q

Vertebral column

A 
33 bones 
7 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral 
4 coccygeal
36
Q

Femur

A

Longest bone in the body

37
Q

Major types of muscle

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth muscle

38
Q

Primary functions of the muscular system

A

Movement
Postural maintenance
Heat production

39
Q

Nervous system

A

The nervous system and endocrine system are the main regulatory and coordinating systems of the body

40
Q

Medulla

A

Regulates heart rate, blood vessels diameter, breathing, swallowing , vomiting, coughing and sneezing

41
Q

Pons

A

Relay information form the cerebrum to the cerebellum. Houses the sleep center and respiratory center help control breathing.

42
Q

Reticular activation system

A

Sleep wake cycle , at rousing and maintaining consciousness.

43
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion of the brain divided into right and left hemispheres.

44
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second largest part of the brain involved in gross motor coordination and helps produce smooth movements

45
Q

Layers of the brain

A

Pia innermost
Arachnoid
Dura outermost

46
Q

Blood components

A

Connective tissue
95% red blood cells
5% white blood cells and platelets

47
Q

Plasma

A

92% water

8% molecules

48
Q

Formed elements

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

49
Q

Blood

A 
Neutrophils 
Destroy bacteria/ immune defense 
Eosinophils 
Allergies and parasitic infection 
Basophils 
Inflammatory and allergic , release of histamine and heparin
Monocytes 
Chronic infection , immune defense 
Platelets 
Produce within the bone marrow, blood clotting 
T lymphocytes 
Cellular and immune response 
B lymphocytes 
Antibody production 
Erythrocytes 
Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
50
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone -
Tropic hormone
Prolactin -
Lactogenic hormone, breast development and milk secretion

51
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone -
Stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
Oxytocin -
Stimulates uterine contraction and release of milk

52
Q

Thyroid

A

Thyroxine
Stimulate the energy metabolism of all cells
Calcitonin
Breakdown of bones

53
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids; aldosterone -
Regulate electrolyte and fluid homeostasis
Glucocorticoids; cortisol -
Stimulate glucogenisis causing an increase in blood glucose concentration, anti inflammatory, anti immunity, and anti allergy effects.

54
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) -

Prolong the sympathetic nervous response during stress

55
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

Glucagon-
Stimulates liver glucogenolysis causing an increase in blood glucose concentration.
Insulin -
Promotes glucose entry into all cells causing a decrease in blood glucose concentration

56
Q

Pineal

A

Melatonin

Tropic hormone that affects he ovaries , maybe involved with the internal clock of the body.

57
Q

Anatomy of the heart

A

Located in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity in the pericardial cavity.
Apex-
The round point of the heart
Pericardium -
Pericardial sac
The portion of the serous pericardium that lines the fibrous pericardium is called the parietal pericardium

The portion that covers the heart surface is the visceral pericardium or epicardium

The cavity between the parietal and visceral pericardium contains pericardial fluid which reduces friction as the heart moves.

Septum 
The right and left chambers of the heart are separated by the septum .
Interatrial septum -
Separates the right and left atria 
Interventricular septum-
Separates the right and left ventricle

Atrioventricular valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the atria

Tricuspid valve
Between the right atria and the right ventricle

Bicuspid valve or mitral valve
Between left atria and left ventricle

Blood enters the right atrium from the systemic circulation via inferior and superior vena cavae

Capillaries
Nutrients and product waste exchange

Pulmonary circulation (left side)
Pulmonary arteries - deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary veins- oxygenated blood

Systemic circulation (right side)
Aorta oxygenated 
Coronary arteries, head , neck , upper and lower limbs , thoracic aorta and its branches , abdominal and arteries of the pelvis
Coronary veins , veins of the head , neck , upper and lower limbs , veins from the thorax , abdomen and pelvis , and the hepatic portal system , which transports blood from the digestive tract to the liver.
58
Q

Lymph

A

Serves as a transport role

Return tissue fluid , proteins , fats , and other substances to the general circulation

59
Q

Airway anatomy

A

Upper and lower airway are separated by the glottis opening (vocal cords)

Upper airway 
Nasal cavity 
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx 
Larynx 
Lower airway 
Trachea
Bronchial tree 
Alveoli
Lungs
60
Q

Alveoli

A

Where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place

61
Q

Liver

A

Largest internal organ
Upper right quadrant
Blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein
Albumins
Globulins
And clotting factors are all made and released by the liver

62
Q

Gallbladder

A

Bile is secreted by the liver and stored in he gallbladder

Only role of the gallbladder is to concentrate and store bike made by the liver

63
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine gland

Secretes insulin

64
Q

Anatomy of the eye

A 
Fibrous tunic 
Sclera and cornea
Vascular tunic 
Choroid , ciliary body and iris 
Nervous tunic 
Retina

Sclera
White opaque outer layer maintains the shape of the eye
Cornea
A vascular and transparent structure that permits light to enter the eye
Iris
Colored part of the eye
Retina
Inner sensory layer responds to light , contains photoreceptor cells called rods and cones .
Rods for the night and cones for the day

Tympanic membrane
Ear drum

Paramedic (36 decks)

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