Review Of The Human System Flashcards
Afferent division
Nerve fibers that send impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system
Anatomical position
A position standing erect with the feet and palms facing the examiner.
Anterior
The front, ventral surface.
Capillaries
Tiny vessels that connect arterioles to venules.
Central nervous system
The brain and the spinal cord
Efferent division
Nerve fibers that’s end impulses form the central nervous system to the peripheral
Homeostasis
A state of equilibrium in the body with respect to the functions and composition of fluids and tissues.
Inferior
Towards the feet, below the point of reference in the anatomical position
Integumentary system
The largest organ system in the body consisting of the skin and accessory structures.
Limbic system
The part of the brain involved with emotions and olfaction
Lymphatic system
The network of vessels, ducts, nodes, valves, and organs involved in protecting and maintaining the internal fluid environment of the body.
Organ
A structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized to perform a more complex function than any one tissue alone.
Parasympathetic nervous system
The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system usually involved in activating vegetative functions such as digestion, defecation and urination
Peripheral nervous system
A subdivision of the nervous system consisting of nerves and ganglia
Plasma membrane
The outer covering of a cell that contains the cellular cytoplasm also known as the cell membrane
Posterior
The back or dorsal surface
Prone
The position in which the patient is lying on the stomach , face down
Reticular activation system
A functional system in the brain essential for wakefulness attention, concentration and introspection
Somatic nervous system
The part of the nervous system composed of never fibers that send impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle.
Superior
Situated above or higher than a point of reference in the anatomical position
System
Interconnected functions or organs in which a stimulus or an action in one area affects all other areas
Diaphragm
Separated the thoracic cavity with the abdominal cavity
Parts of the human cell
Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Extracellular
Outside of the membrane
Intercellular
Between cells
Intracellular
Inside the membrane
Pleural cavity
Lungs
Pericardial cavity
Heart
Cilia
Short hair like extensions on the free surfaces of some cells capable of movement
Mitosis
Cells divide to multiply
Tissues
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue
Neurons
Are nerve cells
Conducting cells of the nervous system
Cell body , dendrite and axon
Skin
Sheet like organ composed of two distinct layers of tissue. Epidermis and dermis.
Glands
Major glands of the skin are sebaceous and sweat glands.
Vertebral column
33 bones 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal
Femur
Longest bone in the body
Major types of muscle
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth muscle
Primary functions of the muscular system
Movement
Postural maintenance
Heat production
Nervous system
The nervous system and endocrine system are the main regulatory and coordinating systems of the body
Medulla
Regulates heart rate, blood vessels diameter, breathing, swallowing , vomiting, coughing and sneezing
Pons
Relay information form the cerebrum to the cerebellum. Houses the sleep center and respiratory center help control breathing.
Reticular activation system
Sleep wake cycle , at rousing and maintaining consciousness.
Cerebrum
Largest portion of the brain divided into right and left hemispheres.
Cerebellum
Second largest part of the brain involved in gross motor coordination and helps produce smooth movements
Layers of the brain
Pia innermost
Arachnoid
Dura outermost
Blood components
Connective tissue
95% red blood cells
5% white blood cells and platelets
Plasma
92% water
8% molecules
Formed elements
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Blood
Neutrophils Destroy bacteria/ immune defense Eosinophils Allergies and parasitic infection Basophils Inflammatory and allergic , release of histamine and heparin Monocytes Chronic infection , immune defense Platelets Produce within the bone marrow, blood clotting T lymphocytes Cellular and immune response B lymphocytes Antibody production Erythrocytes Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
Anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic hormone -
Tropic hormone
Prolactin -
Lactogenic hormone, breast development and milk secretion
Posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone -
Stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
Oxytocin -
Stimulates uterine contraction and release of milk
Thyroid
Thyroxine
Stimulate the energy metabolism of all cells
Calcitonin
Breakdown of bones
Adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids; aldosterone -
Regulate electrolyte and fluid homeostasis
Glucocorticoids; cortisol -
Stimulate glucogenisis causing an increase in blood glucose concentration, anti inflammatory, anti immunity, and anti allergy effects.
Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine (adrenaline) -
Prolong the sympathetic nervous response during stress
Pancreatic islets
Glucagon-
Stimulates liver glucogenolysis causing an increase in blood glucose concentration.
Insulin -
Promotes glucose entry into all cells causing a decrease in blood glucose concentration
Pineal
Melatonin
Tropic hormone that affects he ovaries , maybe involved with the internal clock of the body.
Anatomy of the heart
Located in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity in the pericardial cavity.
Apex-
The round point of the heart
Pericardium -
Pericardial sac
The portion of the serous pericardium that lines the fibrous pericardium is called the parietal pericardium
The portion that covers the heart surface is the visceral pericardium or epicardium
The cavity between the parietal and visceral pericardium contains pericardial fluid which reduces friction as the heart moves.
Septum The right and left chambers of the heart are separated by the septum . Interatrial septum - Separates the right and left atria Interventricular septum- Separates the right and left ventricle
Atrioventricular valve
Prevents blood from flowing back into the atria
Tricuspid valve
Between the right atria and the right ventricle
Bicuspid valve or mitral valve
Between left atria and left ventricle
Blood enters the right atrium from the systemic circulation via inferior and superior vena cavae
Capillaries
Nutrients and product waste exchange
Pulmonary circulation (left side)
Pulmonary arteries - deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary veins- oxygenated blood
Systemic circulation (right side) Aorta oxygenated Coronary arteries, head , neck , upper and lower limbs , thoracic aorta and its branches , abdominal and arteries of the pelvis Coronary veins , veins of the head , neck , upper and lower limbs , veins from the thorax , abdomen and pelvis , and the hepatic portal system , which transports blood from the digestive tract to the liver.
Lymph
Serves as a transport role
Return tissue fluid , proteins , fats , and other substances to the general circulation
Airway anatomy
Upper and lower airway are separated by the glottis opening (vocal cords)
Upper airway Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx
Lower airway Trachea Bronchial tree Alveoli Lungs
Alveoli
Where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
Liver
Largest internal organ
Upper right quadrant
Blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein
Albumins
Globulins
And clotting factors are all made and released by the liver
Gallbladder
Bile is secreted by the liver and stored in he gallbladder
Only role of the gallbladder is to concentrate and store bike made by the liver
Pancreas
Exocrine gland
Secretes insulin
Anatomy of the eye
Fibrous tunic Sclera and cornea Vascular tunic Choroid , ciliary body and iris Nervous tunic Retina
Sclera
White opaque outer layer maintains the shape of the eye
Cornea
A vascular and transparent structure that permits light to enter the eye
Iris
Colored part of the eye
Retina
Inner sensory layer responds to light , contains photoreceptor cells called rods and cones .
Rods for the night and cones for the day
Tympanic membrane
Ear drum
