Cardiology

Question 1

Stroke volume

Answer 1

The amount of blood ejected from the heart with each ventricular contraction

Question 2

Preload

Answer 2

During diastole blood flows from the atria to the ventricle . The volume of blood returning to each ventricle is the end diastolic volume

Question 3

Afterload

Answer 3

Is a result of peripheral vascular resistance . An increase in peripheral vascular resistance decreases stroke volume

Question 4

Cardiac output

Answer 4

The amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute
Increased cardiac output can occur by increasing heart rate stroke volume or both cardiac output equals stroke volume x heart rate

Question 5

Epinephrine

Answer 5

Increases the rate and force of contraction also causes blood vessels to constrict in the skin and other organs
Dillion of the coronary blood vessels

Question 6

Sodium potassium exchange pump

Answer 6

Pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium into the cell
3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in

Question 7

Calcium

Answer 7

Is the ion require for cardiac muscle contraction to occur

Question 8

Refractory period

Answer 8

Resting period
During the absolute refractory period the cardiac muscle cannot respond to any stimulation . The refractory period ensures that the cardiac muscle is fully relaxed before another contraction begins

Question 9

Electrical conduction system of the heart

Answer 9

Two nodes
SA node located on the opening of the superior vena cava
AV node located by the right atrioventricular valve
Atrioventricular and bundle of his form the atrioventricular junction

Question 10

Pacemaker activity

Answer 10

Pacemaker cells they generate electrical impulses spontaneously also known as automaticity

Question 11

Rates of nodes

Answer 11

SA NODE 60-100
AV NODE 40-60
VENTRICLES 20-40

Question 12

Limb leads

Answer 12

I left arm right arm
II left leg right arm
III left leg left arm

Question 13

Lead placement

Answer 13

V1 fourth intercostal space right of sternum
V2 left of the patients sternum
V4 fifth intercostal space to the mid clavicular line
V3 in the middle of V2 and V4
V5 anterior axillary
V6 mid axillary

Question 14

Paper

Answer 14

Paper speed 25 mm per second
1mm = .04 second
5mm= .20 second

Question 15

Waves

Answer 15

U wave electrolyte abnormality

P wave first positive upward deflection equals atrial depolarization
Duration .10

P-R interval time it takes for an electrical impulse to be conducted through the atria and atrioventricular node ventricular depolarization
Duration .12-.20

QRS complex usually upright
Duration .08-.10

ST segment represents early phase of repolarization of the right and left ventricle

T wave represents repolarization of the ventricular myocardial cells

Question 16

Bruits

Answer 16

Check for 5 seconds

Question 17

Fibrinolytic therapy

Answer 17

Asa heparin is part of treatment dissolves thrombi

Contraindicated if head injury stroke within 3 months any cranial hemorrhage

Question 18

Bed placement

Answer 18

Supine or semi fowlers for carcinogenic shock

Question 19

Dissecting aortic aneurysm and abdominal aortic aneurysm

Answer 19

Abdominal had pulsating mass and dissecting has difference in bp and pulses are unequal

Question 20

Special weather

Answer 20

Defib can be done in rain or snow

Question 21

Polycythemia

Answer 21

Elevated hematocrit value , increased red blood cells

Question 22

Emphysema

Answer 22

Pink puffer des alveoli no elasticity pursed lip breathing thin barrel

Question 23

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 23

Blue bloated fat person coarse rhonchi

Sob

Question 24

Asthma meds

Answer 24

Aminophylline
Mag sulfate
Epi
Terbutaline