Retinopathy Flashcards

1
Q

what eye pathologies are common in people with diabetes?

A

diabetic retinopathy
diabetic macular oedema
cataract (clouding of the lens)
glaucoma (increase in fluid pressure in the eye resulting in optic nerve damage - twice as common in people with diabetes)
acute hyperglycaemia (can cause reversible visual blurring)

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2
Q

what are the different stages of retinopathy?

A

mild non-proliferative (background)
moderate non-proliferative
severe non-proliferative
proliferative

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3
Q

how is retinopathy graded?

A

R0-R4 gets progressively worse

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4
Q

how is maculopathy graded?

A

M1 and M2 (graded separately to retinopathy)

also gets progressively worse

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5
Q

what are haemorrhages?

A

dot/blot/frame on fundoscopy

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6
Q

what does a cotton wool spots mean?

A

ischaemic areas

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7
Q

what does a hard exudate suggest?

A

lipid breakdown product

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8
Q

IRMA (intra-retinal microvascular abnormalities)

A

abnormalities of blood vessels, precursor to neovascularisation (but blood vessels are patent i.e. not leaking)

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9
Q

how is retinopathy managed?

A

optical coherence tomography (OCT) - used for imaging - diabetic macular oedema

  • laser - pan retinal photocoagulation
  • vitrectomy
  • can use intravitreal anti-VEGF e.g. ranibizumab (injection) for diabetic macular oedema
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10
Q

how do you screen for retinopathy?

A

annual screening for all (inc. low risk)diabetes patients, individuals needing referred to eye clinic are identified

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11
Q

what are 3 bad thing diabetes are one of the leading causes for?

A

blindness
dialysis
amputation

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