Physiology of Hormones in pregnancy Flashcards
when is there a peak in luteinizing hormone
at ovulation
what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle
cycle approx 28 days
follicular growth - increased oestradiol
ovulation - peak in luteinizing hormone
luteal function - follicle has become luteum, produces progesterone and oestrogen
what is produced on implantation
HCG - this it the hormone the pregnancy test works off
HCG is produced by the implanted ovum
what hormones are produced by the placenta
placental lactogen
placental progesterone
placental oestrogens
what does the pituitary gland begin to produce in pregnancy
prolactin for milk production
what pregnancy hormones cause insulin resistance in the mother?
placental progesterone and hPL
what is gestastional diabetes?
only lasts the duration of pregnancy if it doesn’t go away at birth then it is type 2
occurs when there is a genetic predisposition or mother is already insulin resistant
what are the diabetes complications in pregnancy?
congenital malformation
prematurity
intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR)
complications of gestational diabetes?
macrosomia (>90th centile for size) - delivery!
polyhydramnios
intrauterine death
neonate risks with diabetic mother
respiratory distress - immature lungs
hypoglycaemia - fits
hypocalcaemia - fits
CNS complications and deformity more common
Caudal regression - skeletal abnormality almost exclusive to babies and diabetic mothers
genital and GI abnormalities such as ureteric duplication
how does macrosomia happen?
maternal hyperglycaemia is transferred to foetal hyperglycaemia
affects the foetal pancreas and leads to foetal hyperinsulinemia
3rd trimester foetus produces their own insulin - a major growth factor so if there is foetal hyperinsulinemia
- macrosomia (>4kg) is common as well as neonatal hypoglycaemia
