Hormones Flashcards
what is a hormone?
any substance secreted by one cell to regulate another cell
what do hormones do?
they can be delivered by autocrine, paracrine or endocrine (involves circulatory system)
amplification of a signal transduction cascade usually causes biologic response
many hormones can evoke cellular and tissue effects at very low conc.
most hormones effect multiple targets in the body
duration of hormonal action can vary from seconds to days
hormone secreting glands
pineal hypothalamus pituitary thyroid parathyroids thymus adrenals pancreas ovary / testes
hypothalamic control
hypothalamus - endocrine director, it has the highest level of endocrine control
how does the hypothalamus integrate the activities of the nervous and endocrine system
- secretion of regulatory hormones (these control activity of anterior pituitary cells)
- synthesis of hormones (and then transports them to the posterior pituitary via the infundibulum)
- direct neural control (hypothalamic autonomic centres control secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline by the adrenal medulla)
what is the diurnal control of hormone levels (circadian rhythm)
external cues (light/dark) cause fluctuations in hormone secretions (e.g. cortisol)
hormonal levels are also influenced by the rate at which they are eliminated by the body
example of complementary actions of hormones
sympathetic response and actions of adrenaline, cortisol and glucagon on BG levels
examples of antagonistic actions of hormones
hormonal control of glucose homeostasis
what are the 3 classes that hormones are grouped into based on their structure?
Steroids (e.g. oestrogen, bind to intracellular receptors generally have a prolonged time of action)
Amine-derived (e.g. adrenaline/epinephrine, generally bind to membrane-bound receptors e.g. GCPR)
Peptides and proteins (e.g. oxytocin and ADH, growth hormone and insulin)
what are steroid hormones?
lipids derived from cholesterol
amount is controlled by the synthesis rate
once secreted, synthesised steroids are NOT stored
they are hydrophobic/lipophilic and are mostly (90%) transported in the blood plasma by binding to carrier proteins
what is the 2 step process initiated when steroid hormones pass through the plasma membrane?
- formation of activated hormone-receptor complex within the cell
- complex binds to DNA and activates specific genes (gene activation leads to production of key proteins)
cortisol
secreted from the adrenal cortex involved in mediating stress responses
testosterone and oestradiol
secreted form the gonads and placenta, responsible for male and female characteristics
what are amine hormones?
derived from amino acids (e.g. tyrosine)
secreted from the thyroid and adrenal medulla
they bind to membrane bound receptors to evoke cellular responses
catecholamine amine hormones
hydrophilic, transported unbound or ‘free’ in blood plasma
thyroid amine hormones transport
bound to carrier proteins
adrenaline (epinephrine) transport
stored as vesicles in the cytoplasm until needed
what are peptide and protein hormones?
peptide hormones = short chains of amino acids (generally <50 AAs)
protein hormones = larger molecules
they make up a large majority of the hormones produced
how are peptide and protein hormones transported?
they are hydrophilic and are transported unbound/’free’ in blood plasma
what secretes peptide and protein hormones?
pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver, kidneys
synthesised as precurost molecules and stored in secretory vesicles
can cleave a common precursor with a different enzyme to make different end hormones
how are steroid and thyroid hormones transported?
insoluble in plasma so transports in blood via carrier proteins
carrier proteins also increase the half-life of the hormone and acts as a reservoir for the hormone
examples of carrier proteins
cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) - binds cortisol in a selective manner (also some aldosterone)
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) - binds thyroxine (T4) selectively (also some triiodothyronine (T3))
Sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG) - binds mainly testosterone and oestradiol
hormones of the pancreas
insulin - protein - acts on liver, muscle and adipose tissue for growth, metabolism and homeostasis
glucagon - protein - acts on liver, muscle, adipose tissue for growth, metabolism and homeostasis
somatostatin - protein - acts on gut for growth, metabolism, homeostasis
hormones of the ovaries
oestradiol - steroid - act on ovaries and uterus for reproduction
oestriol - steroid - act on ovaries and uterus for reproduction
progesterone - steroid - act on ovaries and uterus for reproduction
testosterone
steroid hormone acts on the testes for reproduction
hormones of the placenta
hCG - human chorionic gonadotrophin - peptide - acts on uterus for reproduction
oestradiol - steroid - act on ovaries and uterus for reproduction
hormones of mammary gland
oestrogen - steroid - acts on ovaries and uterus for reproduction
hormones of the hypothalamus
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) - peptide - anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of TSH and prolactin
corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) - peptide - anterior pituitary, stimulates release of ACTH
hormones of the pituitary
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone - peptide - acts on thyroid for growth and metabolism
ACTH - adrenocorticotrophic hormone - peptide - adrenal cortex for metabolism
LH - luteinizing hormone - peptide - acts on the gonads for reproduction
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone - peptide - acts on the gonads for reproduction
GH - growth hormone - protein - acts on liver, bones, muscle for growth
Prolactin - peptide - acts on mammary gland for reproduction
MSH - melanocyte stimulating hormone - peptide - melanocytes for homeostasis
Oxytocin - peptide - acts on mammary glands and uterus for reproduction
ADH - antidiuretic hormone - peptide - kidney for homeostasis
what is hyperthyroidism?
excess of T4-T3 secretion
enhanced BMR
hyper-excitability
goitre formation
what is hypoparathyroidism?
parathyroid gland destruction
hypocalcaemia
what is hyperparathyroidism?
parathyroid gland tumour
increased PTH secretion
hypercalcaemia
what is Conn’s disease (hyperalosteronism)?
adrenal cortical tumour excess aldosterone secretion ADH hypernatremia hypertension hypovolemia
what is Addison’s disease?
adrenal destruction/ lack of ACTH secretion hypoglycaemia hyperkalaemia hyponatremia hypotension fatigue weight loss skin hyperpigmentation
what is Cushing’s syndrome?
adrenal tumour (excess cortisol secretion) hyperglycaemia hypokalaemia hypenatremia hypertension weight gain skin hyperpigmentation hirutism
what is congenital hypothyroidism
lack of T4-T3 secretion
lowered BMR
stunted growth
what is myxedema (adult hypothyroidism)
lack of T4-T3 secretion
lowered BMR
goitre formation
