Restorative Art Review Flashcards
Straight Nose
- Greek Nose
- Marked by a recession at the root
- Straight inclination all the way to the tip
Convex Nose
- Roman Nose, Aquiline nose, Hook Nose or Eagle nose
- Recession at the root
- Convex curve present throughout the inclination or a short convex bump
Concave Nose
- Infantine Nose, Retrousse nose, Pug or Snub Nose
- (Retrousse:French for “rolled up”)
- Recession of root extends into the concavity of the inclination or inclination is mostly straight with small concavity present
Synergist Muscles
Separate muscles that work toward the same goal.
Two or more muscles may help each other
Antagonist Muscles
Separate muscles work against each other (antagonize each other)
Lavator Anguli Oris
- Origin: maxilla
- Insertion: Skin/muscle at corner of the mouth
- Action: Raises angle of the mouth
Also called: Snarling muscle - Found deep to the Quadratus labii superioris
Occipital-frontalis/Epicranius (Occipitalis)
Origin: superior nuchal line (occipital bone)
Insertion: galea aponeurotica
Action: draws scalp posteriorly (toward the origin/ back of the head)
Occipital-frontalis/Epicranius (frontalis)
Definition: belly at the anterior of the cranium
Origin: galea aponeurotica
Insertion: skin of eyebrows and root of nose
Action: draws superior and wrinkles forword
Nickname: surprise muscle
Temporalis
Definition: located on the temples
Origin: temporal fossa
Insertion: Coronoid process (mandible)
Action: closes the jaw (muscle of mastication)
also called: strongest chewing muscle
Corrugator
Origin: superciliary arch of frontal bone
Insertion: skin of eyebrow
Action: draws eyebrows inferiorly and wrinkles skin over glabella
Nickname: frowning muscle; means cardboard, wrinkly
(forms interciliary sulci)
Procerus
Origin: Nasal bone
Insertion: frontalis muscle and skin of glabella
Action: pulls eyebrows inferiorly
Masseter
Origin: zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch of temporal bone
Insertion: angle and Ramos of mandible
Action: closes the jaw
Nickname: chewing muscle (masticate=chew)
Risorius
Origin: deep fascia of cheek
Insertion: skin at the corner of mouth
Action: draws corner of mouth Laterally
Nickname: false smile
Orbicularis oris
Origin: mandible, maxilla, and adjacent muscles to mouth
Insertion: skin and muscles of lips
Action: compresses and proteudes lips and closes mouth
Nickname: puckering muscle
Depressor labii inferioris
Origin: mandible
Insertion: skin of lower lip
Action: draws lower lip inferiorly and laterally
(Quadratus labii inferioris- means four sides)
Depressor Anguli Oris
Origin: mandible
Insertion: skin and muscles at corner of the mouth
Action: draws corner of mouth inferiorly
(Triangularis)
Mentalis
Origin: incisive fossa of mandible
Insertion: skin of chin
Action: elevates and protrudes lower lip, wrinkles skin of chin
(Mental=chin)
Digastric (Anterior Belly)
Origin: lower margin mandible
Insertion: hyoid bone
Action: lowers mandible and opens jaw; elevates hyoid bone
(Digastric=2 bellies)
Digastric (posterior belly)
Origin: mastoid process
Insertion: hyoid bone
Action: elevates hyoid bone during mastication (chewing) and swallowing
Levator palpebrae superioris (deep)
Origin: sphenoid bone inside rear of eye socket
Insertion: skin of superior eyelid
Action: draws eyelids open
Orbicularis oculi
Origin: frontal and maxilla bones and ligaments surround the eye sockets (encircles eye)
Insertion: inferior and superior palpebrae (encircles eye)
Action: closes eyelids, squinting, blinking, and draws eyebrows inferiorly
creates crow’s feet
type of sphincter muscle
Lavator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Definition; lifter of top lip, located on the sides of the face
Origin: upper rontal process of maxilla
Insertion: skin of lateral nostril wing and the upper lip
Action: raises upper lip and dilates the nostrils
Also called: common elevator
Lavator labii superioris
Origin: zygomatic bone and infraorbital margin maxilla bones
Insertion: muscle and skin of the upper lip
Action: lifts upper lip and exposes maxillary (upper) teeth
also known as: intermediate head of the quadratus labii superioris
Zygomaticus Major
Origin: lateral area of zygomatic bone.
Insertion: muscle and skin of upper lip
Action: draws lip posteriorly, superiorly, and laterally
Nickname: laughing muscle (remember “major laughs”)
Zygomaticus Minor
Origin: zygomatic bone
Insertion: muscle and skin of the upper lip
Action: draws upper lip superiorly and laterally
Nickname: smiling muscle
Buccinator
Origin: molar region of maxilla and mandible
Insertion: lateral corner of Orbicularis Oris (mouth)
Action: compresses neck
Nickname: bugler’s muscle/ trumpeter’s muscle
Platysma
Origin: clavicles and pectoralis (fascia of the chest; over pectora; muscles and deltoid)
Insertion: mandible, skin of corner of mouth, and cheeks
Action: depresses mandible and lower mouth; tenses skin of lower Face And anterior neck
(Plat=flat)
also called: shock and horror muscle
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Definition: two heads, one attaching to the clavicle, and one attaching to the sternum
Origin: clavicle and sternum
Insertion: mastoid process of the temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone
Action: pulls the head anteriorly and inferiorly (to dip your head)
(Deep to platysma)
Omohyoid
Origin: Superior surface of the scapula
Insertion: Lower border of the hyoid bone
Action: Depresses the hyoid bone (antagonist to digastric)
Medial Pterygoid
Origin: Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone, maxilla, and palatine bone
Insertion: Medial surface of the mandible near its angle
Action: Promotes side-to-side (grinding) movements
Lateral Pterygoid
Origin: Greater wing and lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
Insertion: Condyle of the mandible and capsule of the temporomandibular joint
Action: Promotes side-to-side (grinding) movements
Heads of the Quadratus Labii Superioris
- Medial head – Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
- Intermediate head – Levator labii superioris
- Lateral head – Zygomaticus minor
What are the primary colors?
- red, green and blue
- no colors can be mixed together to create the three colors
- they are also the colors the cone receptors have
What are the prang system primary colors?
- Red, yellow, blue
What is the difference between the primary color system and the prang color system?
- Primary: being emitted
(when they are the source of light) stage lighting - Prang: being reflected
(color of material being seen) painting
Secondary Colors of the Prang Color Wheel
- two primary colors are mixed they create a new color
- Orange, green, violet
Intermediate Color
- A primary and a secondary color
- The naming of intermediate
colors is done by putting the
primary color name first,
and the secondary color
name second - yellow-green, blue-green, blue-violet, red-violet, red-orange, yellow-orange
Complements
- Colors which are opposite from
each other on the wheel - When these two colors seen together, they complement one another
Complements of primary colors
- The complement of any primary color is a secondary color
- This secondary color is created by the remaining two primary colors
Ex. Blue, complement is orange,
orange is made by red and yellow
Split Complement
Two colors adjacent to the
complementary color are the
split complement of a color
Triad Color Scheme
Three colors evenly spaced
on the color wheel
ex. red, yellow and blue are a triad
Tetrad Color Scheme
- Combination of four colors
- Two colors and their complements
- can make a “square” on the color wheel
Analogous Colors
- A set of three colors: one
primary OR secondary color,
and the two intermediate
colors on either side of the
first color - These three colors all share
one color in common
ex. Orange, Yellow-orange, and red-orange
What is hue?
Hue is the color
What is value?
- Value is the level of light or dark
- how much white or black is added
Ex. red + white = pink
red + black = maroon
What is intensity?
- Intensity is the saturation
- How much gray is added
- gray is equal parts black and white
Easy way to remember the products of the dimensions of color
Hue = color
Tint = color + white
Tone = color + gray
Shade = color + black
What does monochromatic mean?
- Means “one color”
- A set of tints, tones, and shades of one hue
What does Achromatic mean?
- Means “without color”
- A scale of white, gray and black
Tertiary Colors
A color made from two secondary colors
Ex. Brown= orange and green
Projection
A feature that extends outward
Recession
A withdraw from a position (not a depression)
Inclination
Slant, slope, angle
Convex
Outward curvature
Concave
Inward curvature
Forms of the profile
Vertical
Convex
Concave
* forehead first, chin second
Convex/concave
Concave/convex
Vertical/convex
Vertical/concave
Convex/vertical
Concave/vertical
Halves of the face
- Crown of the head to line of eye closure
- line of eye closure to base of chin
Thirds of the face (vertical)
- Hairline to eyebrow
- Eyebrow to base of nose
- Base of nose to base of chin
Bottom third of the face/
- Base of nose to line of lip closure
- line of lip closure to labiomental sulcus
- labiomental sulcus to base of chin
Middle third of the face
- Superior margin of the ear aligns with the eyebrow (think of how glasses sit on your face)
- Inferior margin of the ear aligns with the base of the nose
Fifths of the face
The width of the face is five eyes wide between the zygomatic arches.
- equal to the width between inner corners of each eye
Supplemental equalities
Features of the face that are equal/similar in measurement
- Lateral edge of eye closure to external auditory meatus is equal to 1/3 of the face length
- Distance of the center of the eyes equals the width of the mouth
- Distance between the medial corners of the eyes is equal to the width of the nasal wings
- distance of two arches equals eyebrow to base of the chain equals tip of the nose to the ear canal
Melanin
Melanocytes produce melanin and is present in epidermis, hair and eyes
to create color on surface
Melanin protects body from UV rays. Exposure to UV rays causes higher
production of melanin, causing more color
Color of melanin ranges from reddish to black (ex: hair colors)
Carotene
Yellow, orange in color
Present in adipose tissue, makes fat yellow
May be present in epidermis because of skin disorder
Hemoglobin
Protein present in blood
Gives blood its red color
When less melanin is present, red/pink colors can be seen in skin
Where capillaries are close to surface of skin, red/pink colors are present
(ex: cheeks)
Emotional and temperature changes can bring color (ex: blushing)
The most common facial profile is
convex
The average adult human body is _______ heads tall
6 to 7
Oblique Palpebral Sulcus
- The shallow, curving groove below the medial corner of the eyelids-moving laterally downward.
- Natural
Interciliary Sulci
- The vertical or transverse furrows between the eyebrows
- Natural
Nasal Sulci
- The angular area between the posterior margin of the wing of the nose and the nasolabial fold.
- Natural
Nasolabial Fold
- The eminence or projection on the cheek adjacent to the corners of the mouth (labial). Extends from the Superior part of the posterior margin of the wing of the nose to the side of the mouth
- Natural
Philtrum
- The vertical groove located medially on the upper lip located between the columna nasi and the medial lobe of the mucous membrane.
- Natural
Anguli Oris Eminence
- Small convex prominence lateral to the end of the line of lip closure of the mouth; natural facial marking.
- Natural
Anguli Oris Sulcus
- The groove found at each end of the line of closure of the mouth; a natural facial marking.
- Natural
Labiomental Sulcus
- The junction of the lower integumentary lip and the superior border of the chin, which may appear as a furrow; a natural facial marking.
Submental Sulcus
- The junction of the base of the chin and the submandibular area, which may appear as a furrow
- Natural
Dimples
- Shallow depressions located on the check or chin, either rounded or vertical
- Natural
Transverse Frontal Sulci
- Furrows which cross the forehead
- Acquired
Superior Palpebral Sulcus
- The furrow of the superior border of the upper eyelid
- Acquired
Optic Facial Sulci
- The furrows radiating from the lateral corner of the eye
- crow’s feet
- Acquired
Inferior Palpebral Sulcus
- The furrow of the lower attached border of the inferior palpebra
- Acquired
Nasolabial Sulcus
- The furrow originating at the superior border of the wing of the nose and extending to the side of the mouth.
- Acquired
Bucco-Facial Sulcus
- The vertical furrow of the cheek
- Acquired
Mandibular Sulcus
- Furrow beneath the jawline which rises vertically on the cheek.
- Acquired
Linear Sulci
- The vertical furrows of each lip extending from within the mucous membranes into the integumentary lips
- Acquired
Platysmal Sulci
- The transverse dipping furrows of the neck
- Acquired
Cords of the neck
- Vertical prominence of the neck
- Acquired
Examples of Preservatives
- Alcohols (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol)
- Aldehydes (Mathanal/Formaldehyde, Gluteraldehyde, Ethanal/Acetaldehyde)
- Phenolic Compounds (phenol, phenolic derivatives)
Examples of Supplemental Germicides
- Chemicals added specifically for the purpose of destroying disease causing microorganisms
- QUATS, glutaraldehyde
Examples of Dyes
- esoine (Active orange dye)
- erythrosine (Active red dye)
- ponceau red (inactive red dye)
Examples of deodorants or perfuming agents
- ester
- Methyl salicylate
- Oil of wintergreen
- Benzaldehyde
- Oil of bitter almonds
- Oil of sassafras
- Oil of cloves
Examples of Vehicles/Diluents/Solvents
- solvents that serve as the carriers of the components in embalming fluid
- Water (water is not an organic solvent)
- Alcohols
- Organic solvents
Examples of Humectants
- chemicals used to create an increase capability for embalmed tissues to retain moisture
- Glycerol/glycerine
- sorbitol
- Glycols
- non-alcohol lanolin
examples of buffers
- chemicals that have an effect on the acid base balance of solutions
- borax (sodium borate)
- Sodium phosphate
- Side treats
- EDTA
Examples of Water conditioning agents/water softeners/ anticoagulants/ sequestering agents
- neutralize is the calcium or magnesium ions in the water that causes blood coagulate
- Sodium citrate
- EDTA
- Oxalate salts
Examples of Surfactants/surface active agents/ wetting agent/ surface tension reducer/ penetrating agent
- Sulfonates
- Sodium lauryl sulfate
How many eyes will it take to fill the distance from the outer corner of the left eye to the right side of the face
5 eyes from left zygomatic to right zygomatic
