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Science 2021. > Respiratory Systems. > Flashcards

Respiratory Systems. Flashcards

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1
Q

Define respiration.

A

Respiration is the release of energy from glucose in the cells of living organisms.

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2
Q

Define breathing and what does it enable?

A

Breathing is the act of taking oxygen into the lungs and releasing carbon dioxide out of the lungs.
This process enables gaseous exchange to take place.

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3
Q

Define gaseous exchange.

A

Gaseous exchange refers to the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide moving between the lungs and blood, and the blood and cells in the body.

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4
Q

What is produced during respiration and what happens for it to be expelled?

A

During respiration, carbon dioxide is produced and is absorbed into the blood, and taken to the lungs to be expelled from the body.

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5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

This means they move from a high to a low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

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6
Q

How do the gases move into the blood and cells?

A

The gases move into the blood and cells by the process of diffusion.

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7
Q

What takes place first, breathing or respiration?

A

In other words, breathing takes place first and thereafter respiration.

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8
Q

What two things does breathing ensure of?

A

Breathing ensures that oxygen gets to cells and the waste gas, carbon dioxide, leaves the cells.

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9
Q

Why is it better to breathe through your nose and not your mouth?

A

Inside the nose are nasal passages.

The dust and bacteria are trapped by mucus produced in the nasal passages.

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10
Q

What do nasal passages do?

A

When air passes through these passages it is heated to body temperature, moistened, and cleaned of dirt and bacteria.

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11
Q

How does air enter the respiratory system?

A

Air enters the respiratory system through the nose and mouth.

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12
Q

What is the trachea?

A

The trachea is a hollow pipe or tube, with C-shaped cartilage rings which reinforce its front and sidewalls.

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13
Q

How many cartilage rings are there in the trachea?

A

20 cartilage rings that are regularly arranged.

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14
Q

What is the function of the rings in the trachea?

A

Their function is to prevent the trachea from collapsing during breathing in and out due to pressure changes between the outside environment and the chest cavity.

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15
Q

What 2 things does the epiglottis do?

A

The epiglottis covers the top part of the trachea near the voice box (larynx).

The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea, so that you do not choke upon swallowing.

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16
Q

What is regularly arranged in the bronchi to keep them open?

A

Cartilage is regularly arranged in the bronchi to keep them open.

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17
Q

What does each bronchus further branch into that forms a bronchial tree?

A

Each bronchus then branches further into a network of many tiny branches, called bronchioles.

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18
Q

Why do bronchioles have muscles in their walls?

A

These muscles can increase their internal diameter, making them wider when the demand for air in the body is high.

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19
Q

What is the inner lining of the airways (trachea and bronchi) lined with?

A

The inner lining of the airways (trachea and bronchi) are lined by cells which have microscopic hair-like structures, called cilia.

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20
Q

Where are the goblet cells located?

A

Between cilia are goblet cells.

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21
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Goblet cells produce mucus which traps dust and bacteria, preventing them from going deep into the respiratory system.

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22
Q

What do the cilia in the trachea and the bronchi do?

A

The cilia beat the mucus and trapped dust and bacteria in a wave-like motion up towards the top of the oesophagus, to be swallowed.

23
Q

What is the alveolus and what occurs at these air sacs?

A

Alveoli are microscopic air sacs found in the lungs, at the end of the bronchioles. Gaseous exchange occurs at these air sacs.

24
Q

Why do we have a lot of alveoli in our lungs?

A

We have so many alveoli in the lungs so that there is a large surface area for gaseous exchange.

25
Q

Why is there a dense network of blood capillaries surrounds each air sac?

A

Oxygen enters the blood capillaries from the air sacs and carbon dioxide diffuses from the air sacs into the blood capillaries.

26
Q

Why is the wall of each alveolus very thin?

A

The wall of each alveolus is very thin, which enables a short diffusion distance between the blood and alveolus.

27
Q

Why is the wall of the alveoli moist?

A

The walls of the alveoli are moist, so that oxygen can dissolve into the water.

28
Q

What are the lungs like and what are they enclosed in?

A

The lungs have a sponge-like appearance and are elastic.

The lungs are enclosed in the chest cavity.

29
Q

What happens when the lungs expand and compress?

A

When the lungs expand, air enters the lungs.

When the lungs are compressed, air goes out of the lungs.

30
Q

What do the lungs contain millions of and why are they there?

A

The lungs contain millions of alveoli, which increase the surface area of the lungs.

31
Q

The lungs are delicate organs and are therefore protected by ribs. What are the ribs attached to?

A

The ribs are attached to the spine at the back of the body and breastbone at the front.

32
Q

What are between ribs?

A

Between the ribs are intercostal muscles which are important for breathing.

33
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity.

34
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The movement of air into and out of the chest cavity is known as ventilation/ breathing.

35
Q

What is exhalation?

A

The act of breathing air out of the lungs is known as exhalation.

36
Q

Define inhalation.

A

The act of taking air into the lungs is known as inhalation.

37
Q

Why do inhalation and exhalation occur?

A

Inhalation and exhalation occur due to:

  • Differences in pressure between the inside of the lungs and the atmosphere.
  • Contraction and relaxation of muscles of the chest cavity.
38
Q

What are the muscles of the chest cavity?

A

The muscles of the chest cavity are the intercostal muscles (found between the ribs) and diaphragm.

39
Q

What happens to the following during inhalation:

  • Intercostal muscles.
  • Rib cage.
  • Diaphragm.
A
  • Intercostal muscles contract.
  • Rib cage move upwards and outwards.
  • Diaphragm contract and flattens.
40
Q

What happens to the following during inhalation:

  • Volume of chest cavity.
  • Pressure inside chest cavity.
A
  • Volume of chest cavity increase.

- Pressure inside chest cavity decreases.

41
Q

What does air do during inhalation?

A

Air rushes into the lungs as there is higher pressure in the atmosphere than in the chest cavity.

42
Q

What happens to the following during exhalation:

  • Intercostal muscles.
  • Rib cage.
  • Diaphragm.
A
  • Intercostal muscles relax.
  • Rib cage moves downwards and inwards.
  • Diaphragm relaxes and forms a dome shape.
43
Q

What happens to the following during exhalation:

  • Volume of chest cavity.
  • Pressure inside chest cavity.
A
  • Volume of chest cavity decreases.

- Pressure inside chest cavity increases.

44
Q

What does air do during exhalation?

A

Air rushes out of the lungs as there is higher pressure in the chest cavity than in the atmosphere.

45
Q

Define aerobic respiration.

A

Respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration.

46
Q

Fill in the missing spaces:
Respiration is the ______ of energy from _____ in the cells of living organisms. Food contains ______. This energy is released when the food is ‘____’ inside the ____ in the presence of oxygen. Respiration is the ‘burning’ of food inside cells without actually producing flames.

A

Respiration is the release of energy from glucose in the cells of living organisms. Food contains energy. This energy is released when the food is ‘burnt’ inside the cells in the presence of oxygen. Respiration is the ‘burning’ of food inside cells without actually producing flames.

47
Q

Cells require energy for various purposes. State 4 purposes.

A

Cells require energy for various purposes, for example, for growth, movement, cell division and to allow chemical reactions.

48
Q

What happens to organisms if the respiration process stops?

A

If the process stops, the organism will die because of a lack of energy.

49
Q

Name the 3 objectives of Breathing.

A
  • It is a mechanical process.
  • It occurs between the outside environment and cells.
  • It is a voluntary process. Breathing can be controlled.
50
Q

Name the 3 objectives of Respiration.

A
  • It is a chemical process.
  • It occurs within the cells.
  • It is an involuntary process. Respiration cannot be controlled.
51
Q

Define anaerobic respiration.

A

Many organisms are capable of undergoing respiration in the absence of oxygen. This is called anaerobic respiration.

52
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + lots of energy.

53
Q

What is the pathway of air?

A

Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli.

54
Q

Diagrams to Study:

A
  • Breathing Mechanism Diagrams Page 38.
  • Gaseous Exchange in Alveolusn Page 37.
  • Alveoli Page 36.
  • Ciliated columnar Page 36.
  • Human Respiratory System Page 33.-

Science 2021. (24 decks)

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