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Science 2021. > Digestive System in Humans. > Flashcards

Digestive System in Humans. Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are animals called in relation to food and what does it mean?

A

Animals are heterotrophic organisms, which means they rely on food that is already made.

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2
Q

Animals can be placed under 3 categories. Name them.

A

Some animals are herbivores.
Some animals are carnivores.
Some animals are omnivores.

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3
Q

What are carnivores and give 3 examples of carnivores and what kind of consumers they are?

A

Carnivores are animals that feed on other animals.
Examples of carnivores are lions, hyenas, and crocodiles.
Carnivores are secondary or tertiary consumers.

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4
Q

What does herbivore mean and give 3 examples of herbivores and what kind of consumers they are?

A

Herbivores are animals that feed on plants only.
Herbivores are animals such as cattle, goats, and buffaloes.
Herbivores are primary consumers.

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5
Q

What are omnivores and give 3 examples of omnivores.

A

Omnivores like humans, rats, and pigs are suited to eating both plants and animals.

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6
Q

Green plants manufacture all the food used by animals. Therefore they are called?

A

Producers.

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7
Q

As herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores feed on other organisms, they are called?

A

They are called consumers.

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8
Q

Fill in the missing spaces:
Green plants, or their produce, are at the ________ of every ____ chain. All the food, and therefore all the _____ which animals obtain comes from ______.

A

Green plants, or their produce, are at the beginning of every food chain. All the food, and therefore all the energy which animals obtain comes from plants.

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9
Q

Describe incisors (human teeth).

A

Sharp for biting food.

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10
Q

Describe Canines (human teeth).

A

Pointed for tearing/ripping food.

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11
Q

Describee Premolars (human teeth).

A

Flat-topped for chewing/grinding.

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12
Q

Describe Molars (human teeth).

A

Flat-topped for chewing/grinding.

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13
Q

How many incisors, canines, premolars, molars, and wisdom teeth does an adult human have?

A 
8 incisors.
4 canines.
8 premolars.
12 molars.
4 wisdom teeth.
(32 teeth altogether, excluding wisdom teeth).
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14
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

The digestive system is made of the alimentary canal and various organs, which all help to digest the food.

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15
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

The alimentary canal is a muscular tube running from the mouth to the anus.

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16
Q

How is food ingested, where do digestion, absorption, and assimilation occur, and how is food egested?

A
  • Food is ingested or taken in through the mouth.
  • The processes of digestion, absorption, and assimilation occur in the alimentary canal.
  • Undigested food is egested or expelled through the anus.
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17
Q

What is ingestion?

A

This is the process of taking food into the alimentary canal through the mouth.

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18
Q

How is food ingested by humans?

A

In humans, food is ingested through the mouth using the teeth, lips, and tongue.

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19
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the process where large insoluble food compounds are broken down into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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20
Q

Describe physical or mechanical digestion.

A

The breaking down of large pieces of food to small pieces by the teeth and the churning in the stomach.

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21
Q

Describe chemical digestion.

A

The breaking down of large soluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules by the action of chemicals called enzymes.

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22
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

This is the alternate contraction and relaxation of circular muscles in the alimentary canal.

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23
Q

Why does peristalsis take place?

A

So that the food bolus is pushed in a wave-like motion down the alimentary canal.

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24
Q

What is absorption?

A

Absorption is the movement of small molecules across the wall of organs in the digestive system into the bloodstream.

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25
Q

Where does absorption occur?

A

Absorption occurs in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

26
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Assimilation is the absorption of small molecules into the cells of the body.

27
Q

What happens to small molecules in the cells (assimilation)?

A

Here, the molecules are used to build complex substances which make up the body or to repair the body.

28
Q

What is egestion?

A

The elimination of undigested material from the body. Faeces consist mainly of cellulose.

29
Q

Where are the undigested materials stored before being expelled?

A

The undigested food is moved into the rectum where it is stored and compacted before it is expelled through the anus.

30
Q

Define mastication.

A

Once the food is in the mouth it is chewed into smaller pieces by the action of teeth, this is called mastication.

31
Q

What is a bolus?

A

The food in the mouth is mixed with saliva and is rolled by the tongue into a food ball, called a bolus.

32
Q

What produces saliva and what is it a mixture of?

A

Saliva is produced by the salivary glands and is a mixture of the enzyme salivary amylase, water and mucus.

33
Q

What does the enzyme salivary amylase do?

A

The enzyme chemically breaks down cooked starch to maltose (a sugar).

34
Q

What does the oesophagus or gullet do?

A

The bolus is transported to the stomach through the oesophagus or the gullet.

35
Q

Once the food is in the stomach it is mixed with what, produced by what?

A

Once the food is in the stomach, it is mixed with gastric juice produced by the walls of the stomach.

36
Q

Why is the condition in the stomach acidic?

A

Gastric juice contains enzymes and hydrochloric acid, so conditions in the stomach are acidic.

37
Q

What is meant by churning the food?

A

The muscular wall of the stomach contracts and squeezes the food, breaking it down mechanically.

38
Q

What is chyme?

A

As the result of the churning in the stomach, a cream-like substance called chyme is produced.

39
Q

What is pepsin and what does it do?

A

Proteins are chemically digested in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin to produce small protein molecules.

40
Q

What is at the base of the stomach and what does it do?

A

At the base of the stomach, there is a sphincter muscle that opens at four-hour intervals to let acidic chyme enter the next part of the alimentary canal.

41
Q

The small intestine is divided into three sections: Name them.

A

The small intestine is divided into three sections: the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum.

42
Q

Fill in the missing spaces:
Three main secretions are involved in digestion in the small intestine: i______ juices, p______ juices and b___. These are made in the i______, the l____ and the p_____.

A

Three main secretions are involved in digestion in the small intestine: intestinal juices, pancreatic juices and bile. These are made in the intestine, the liver and the pancreas.

43
Q

What do the juices in the small intestine contain and do?

A

The juices contain enzymes that digest the remaining undigested carbohydrates, proteins, peptides, and fats in the food.

44
Q

What is the end product of chemical digestion for the following:
Starch.
Protein.
Fats.

A 
Starch = glucose.
Protein = Amino acids.
Fats = Fatty acid and glycerol.
45
Q

Where does chemical digestion end?

A

Chemical digestion ends in the small intestine.

46
Q

What do the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas do for digestion to take place?

A

Liver - produces bile from old red blood cells.
Gall bladder - stores the bile which contains bile salts (no enzymes).
Pancreas - releases pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum.

47
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

These salts emulsify (break up) fats and neutralize the acidic chyme.

48
Q

What are villi and what do they do?

A

Tiny hair-like projections that line the inside of the small intestine, which increase the surface area for absorption.

49
Q

What are the three objectives of the ileum?

A
  • Has a large surface area.
  • Thin lining.
  • Good blood supply.
50
Q

What happens to the glucose and amino acids absorbed into the bloodstream by the ileum?

A

The glucose and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream and taken to the body cells for energy and growth or stored in the liver.

51
Q

What are the food nutrients they act upon for the following pancreatic enzymes:

  • Amylase.
  • Lipase.
  • Trypsin.
A 
Amylase = Starch.
Lipase = Fats.
Trypsin = Proteins.
52
Q

What does the appendix supposedly do?

A

It is thought to contain lymphocytes that destroy harmful bacteria in the intestine.

53
Q

What does the colon do?

A

The colon is where water and vitamins are absorbed from the undigested material remaining making the material more solid.

54
Q

Why does movement in the colon slow down?

A

Movement slows down here so roughage/ fibre is needed to add bulk and speed up the passage of the undigested material by peristalsis.

55
Q

What does the rectum do?

A

Undigested material is stored here and is expelled at intervals through the anus as faeces.

56
Q

What does the anus do?

A

This is the place where faeces exit the body.

57
Q

Name the two parts that make up the large intestine and how long is the large intestine?

A

The large intestine is made up of the colon and rectum and is 1.5 metres long.

58
Q

How long is the small intestine altogether? How long is the duodenum?

A

Small intestine altogether = 7 metres.

Duodenum = 30 cm.

59
Q

What 7 parts does food go through to reach the anus?

A

Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Rectum → Anus.

60
Q

Diagrams to study:

A
  • Types of Human Teeth.

- The Digestive System.

Science 2021. (24 decks)

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