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Science 2021. > Photosynthesis. > Flashcards

Photosynthesis. Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

Nutrition is the science that interprets substances in food in relation to the maintenance, growth, reproduction, health, and disease of an organism.

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2
Q

There are two types of living organisms. Name them.

A

(Human) Animals and Plants.

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3
Q

What do plants have to do to have food and what does this make them?

A

Plants have to make food in the place where they are growing (photosynthesis) and because of this plants are autotrophs.

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4
Q

What do animals have to do to have food and what does this make them?

A

Animals cannot make their own food, they obtain food by eating other organisms and this makes animals heterotrophs.

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5
Q

Define heterotrophic nutrition.

A

Heterotrophic nutrition is where an organism feeds on organic molecules produced by other organisms such as plants and animals.

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6
Q

Describe photosynthesis.

A 
Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants use light energy to make their own food, glucose, from carbon dioxide and water (H2O). 
Oxygen gas (O2) is produced as waste gas.
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7
Q

If you break up photosynthesis into 2 words, what are those words?

A

Photo means ‘light’ and synthesis means ‘to make’.

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8
Q

What two things do animals depend on plants for?

A

Animals depend on plants for food and oxygen.

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9
Q

What do plants do with glucose?

A

Glucose and Starch are both carbohydrates.

  • The plants make glucose which is soluble and can be lost or carried away as sucrose to new points of growth.
  • The glucose can be changed to starch which is insoluble (for storage).
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10
Q

Where can the converted glucose/ starch be stored?

A

The starch can be stored in roots, stems or leaves to be used later as a source of energy.

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11
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

Chlorophyll is a green pigment that converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

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12
Q

What is the word equation for photosythesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water —-sunlight/chlorophyll—-> glucose + oxygen.

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13
Q

What are the factors that affect photosynthesis?

A
  • Chlorophyll.
  • Sunlight.
  • Carbon Dioxide.
  • Water.
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14
Q

What is the control (plant experiment)?

A

For an experiment have another plant or leaf to use as a comparison - we call this plant the control to the experiment.

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15
Q

Can you investigate multiple or single factors during an experiment? Explain your answer.

A

Only investigate one factor at a time. If more than one factor was changed, the experiment would not prove which change gave the result.

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16
Q

What is the function of the Vascular Bundle (xylem + phloem)?

A

Xylem vessels transport water and minerals to photosynthesizing cells.
Phloem vessels transport manufactured food from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

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17
Q

What is the function of the palisade cells?

A

Carry out most of the photosynthesis, as they contain many chloroplasts.

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18
Q

What are the functions of the spongy cells?

A

Loosely packed to create air spaces for gaseous exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Also, carry out photosynthesis as they have chloroplasts.

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19
Q

What is the function of the guard cells?

A

Can change shape to close and open the stoma, to let in carbon dioxide and let out oxygen.
(They contain fewer chloroplasts than spongy and palisade cells).

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20
Q

Not all plants are green; some plants have yellow, red, or purple leaves, and so on.
Do these plants photosynthesize and explain your answer.

A

They photosynthesize with the help of other pigments, called accessory pigments.
These have different colors, but can still absorb light energy.

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21
Q

The process of photosynthesis occurs in two stages: Name and describe them.

A

Light reactions: occur during the time of the day when there is light.

Dark reactions: occur during the whole 24-hour day, whether there is daylight or darkness.

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22
Q

What is produced during light reactions and where do they occur?

A

During light reactions, energy carriers are produced, as well as oxygen as a waste gas.

Light reactions occur in the internal membranes (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts.

23
Q

What do the energy carriers do in dark reactions and where do dark reactions occur?

A

During dark reactions, the energy carriers produced in the light reactions are used to produce glucose (a sugar).

Dark reactions occur in the fluid (stroma) of the chloroplasts.

24
Q

What is an energy converter?

A

An energy converter is a machine which is able to convert one form of energy into another.

25
Q

Fill in the missing answers:
Glucose is a ____ sugar, so we call it a ____________. Glucose molecules can be joined together _______ into long ____, such as in starch, which is a ____________.

A

Glucose is a single sugar, so we call it a monosaccharide. Glucose molecules can be joined together chemically into long chains, such as in starch, which is a polysaccharide.

26
Q

Name 5 plant functions.

A
  • Source of food and medicine.
  • Animals use plants as a habitat.
  • Supply oxygen.
  • Clean the atmosphere.
  • Plants are fossil fuels.
27
Q

Describe how plants clean the atmosphere.

A

Plants use carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis, so they reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

28
Q

Describe gaseous exchange in plants?

A

Gas exchange is the process whereby water vapor and oxygen leave and carbon dioxide enters plant leaves.

29
Q

What are the 7 apparatus to show that green leaves contain starch experiment?

A
  • Green leaf.
  • Alcohol.
  • Water.
  • Iodine solution.
  • Beaker.
  • Test tube.
  • White Tile.
30
Q

What are the 4 steps to show that green leaves contain starch experiment?

A
  • Boil the leaf in the beaker of water for 30 seconds to stop any reactions.
  • Extinguish the flame as alcohol is highly flammable and boil the leaf in the test tube of alcohol using a hot water bath.
  • Remove the leaf from the alcohol return it to the hot water to rinse and soften.
  • Remove the leaf from the water and flatten it on a white tile and cover the leaf in iodine solution.
31
Q

What is the result of to show that green leaves contain starch experiment?

A

The iodine solution turns from orange to blue-black if starch is present.

32
Q

What are the 2 apparatus to prove that chlorophyll is necessary for starch production?

A

A variegated leaf.

Materials for the starch experiment.

33
Q

What are the 3 steps to prove that chlorophyll is necessary for starch production experiment?

A
  • Place leaf in the dark for 24 hours to destarch it.
  • Place the same leaf in the sunlight for 7 hours.
  • Test the variegated leaf for starch.
34
Q

What was the result to prove that chlorophyll is necessary for starch production experiment?

A

The green part of the variegated leaf turned blue-black when tested for starch and the white part of the variegated leaf did not react to the iodine solution.

35
Q

What was the conclusion to prove that chlorophyll is necessary for starch production experiment?

A
  • Chlorophyll is necessary for starch production.
36
Q

What are the 3 materials to prove that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis experiment?

A
  • Green plant.
  • Tinfoil.
  • Materials for the starch test.
37
Q

What are the 5 steps to prove that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis experiment?

A
  • Place green leaf in the dark for 24 hours.
  • Cut out tinfoil and paperclip to the leaf.
    (The part that is in the sunlight is the control and the part in the tinfoil is the experiment).
  • Leave the leaf in the sun for a few hours.
  • Remove tinfoil.
  • Test for starch.
38
Q

What is the result to prove that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis experiment?

A

When tested for starch, the tinfoil part remained orange and the other part turned blue-black.

39
Q

What are the 5 materials to prove that green plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?

A
  • 2 green potted plants.
  • Plastic bag.
  • Elastic band.
  • Soda lime.
  • Materials for starch test.
40
Q

What are the 4 steps to prove that green plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?

A
  • Place plants in the dark for 24 hours to destarch them.
  • A small container of soda-lime next to the stem of one of the plants.
  • Place a plastic bag over both plants and secure the plastic bag.
  • After a few hours test them both for starch.
41
Q

What is the result to prove that green plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?

A

The experiment plant (soda lime) stayed orange and the control plant turned blue-black.

42
Q

What was the conclusion to prove that green plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?

A

The plant with no carbon dioxide could not do photosynthesis. Green plants need carbon dioxide.

43
Q

What are the 5 materials to prove that green plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis?

A
  • Aquatic plant.
  • Beaker.
  • Test tube.
  • Stikistuff.
  • Funnel.
44
Q

What are the 3 steps to prove that green plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis?

A
  • The experiment was left under a bright light for as long as possible.
  • The test tube was carefully removed and covered with a thumb.
  • A glowing splint was placed in the test tube to check for oxygen.
45
Q

What was the result to prove that green plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis?

A

A gas was collected at the top of the test tube. When a glowing splint was placed in the gas, it relit.

46
Q

What was the conclusion to prove that green plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis?

A

The gas in the test tube was oxygen. This experiment showed that green plants make oxygen during photosynthesis.

47
Q

What is plant respiration?

A

During the night a plant uses some of the starch it had made during the day. This process is called respiration.
Respiration takes place during the day and the night.

48
Q

Why are leaves thin?

A

Leaves are thin for easy diffusion of gases (CO2 going in and O2 going out).

49
Q

What does the cuticle of the leaf do?

A

Prevents water loss by evaporation.

50
Q

Why is the upper epidermis transparent?

A

The upper epidermis is transparent to let light pass through.

51
Q

What do the palisade mesophyll cells have many of and why?

A

The palisade mesophyll cells have numerous chloroplasts for light absorption.

52
Q

What does the spongy mesophyll have?

A

The spongy mesophyll has airspaces for easy diffusion of gases.

53
Q

What do the stomata do and where are they?

A

The stomata on the underside of the leaf let gases in and out of the leaf.

54
Q

Diagrams to Study.

A
  • Cross-section of a leaf (page 12).
  • The requirements of photosynthesis (page 12).
  • Palisade cell.
  • Act 1 - 5 Experiment digrams.

Science 2021. (24 decks)

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