Respiratory System - E3 Flashcards
Respiratory system functions
With cardiovascular system to deliver O2 and remove CO2, as well as modify air, deliver smell, and produce sounds
Functional divisions of the respiratory system
Conducting zone (nose to lung) Respiratory zone (alveoli)
Anatomical divisions of the respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract (nose & pharynx)
Lower respiratory tract (everything else)
External nose
formed by nasal & maxilla bones, and hyaline cartilage
L and R nares (nostrils)
L and R vestibules (strat. squamosal epi.)
Internal nose
3 pairs of meatuses formed by 3 pairs of conchae
Pseudo strat. columnar epi.
L and R posterior nasal apertures act as funnel
Role of conchae
increase surface area of nose to clean, warm, and moisten air; very vascular
Have erectile tissue that allow for that swelling
Alternate names for conchae and posterior nasal apertures
turbinates and choanae, respectively
Three divisions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx (bifids into larynx and esophagus)
Tissue components of the three divisions of the pharynx
nasopharynx - pseudostrat. ciliated col. epi.
oropharynx - strat. squamosal epi.
laryngopharynx - strat. squamosal epi.
Boundaries and components of the nasopharynx
posterior nares to uvula
auditory tubes, tubal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
Boundaries and components of the oropharynx
uvula to tip of epiglottis oral cavity (lingual or palatine tonsils)
Boundaries and components of the laryngopharynx
tip of epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
bifids into larynx and esophagus
Larynx
voice box 1. epiglottis - leaf shaped 2. thyroid - shield shaped 3. cricoid - ring shaped (2) pairs of folds 1. vestibular folds - false vocal cords 2. vocal cords - true vocal cords Glottis = vocal cords+space between them
Tissue components of larynx
Superiorly - strat. squamosal epi.
Inferiorly - pseudo strat. ciliated col. epi.
Larynx when swallowing
- larynx rises
- epiglottis hinges down
- vestibular folds close glottis
Thereby, we don’t breathe in food
Trachea location and components
anterior to esophagus tubular passage of C-shaped cartilaginous rings lined w/pseudostrat. ciliated col. epi. trachealis muscle outer layer is an adventitia
Trachealis muscle
smooth muscle and elastic c.t. that holds ends of the “C” together
Why C-shaped cartilaginous rings for trachea
- Maintains patency of tube (openness)
- allows of expansion of esophagus
- allows adjustment of tracheal diameter
Bronchial tree
Trachea
L/R main bronchi (enter lungs)
Lobar bronchi (1/lobe ea. lung; 3 lobes/R, 2 lobes/L)
Segmental bronchi (supply bronchopulmonary seg.)
Bronchioles (1st location w/o cartilage)
Terminal bronchioles (end of conducting zone)
Respiratory bronchioles (still cuboidal/smooth muscle)
Alveolar duct (alveolus and alveolar sacs)
What happens as you move “down” the bronchial tree
diameter, cartilage decrease
smooth muscle increases
epithelium chnaged to non-cilitated simple cuboidal
What does nicotine do?
paralyzes cilia, constricts smooth muscle, decreases diameter of bronchioles, increases mucus production
Tissue component of alveoli
simple squamosal epithelium and no smooth muscle
type I are the site of gas exchange
type II outnumber type I secrete surfactant
Alveolar macrophages to eat pathogens
Type II alveolar cells
have microvilli
secrete surfactant to avoid collapse and repair damage
Alveolus “jacket”
dense capillary network
6 layers from alveoli to capillary
- Surfactant
- Type I alveolar cells
- squamous cell basement membrane
- Interstitial space
- Capillary basement membrane
- Capillary endothelial cell
Tissue component of basement membranes
areolar connective tissue
Tissue component of interstitial space
dense, irregular connective tissue
What is each lobe divided into
What is each bronchopulmonary segment divided into
bronchopulmonary segments
pulmonary lobules
Functions of the lungs
reduce friction
create pressure gradient
compartmentalization against pathogens
Boyle’s Law
increase volume, decrease pressure
decrease volume, increase pressure
Normal inspiration
diaphragm contracts
ribs angle parallel
Normal expiration
diaphragm relaxes
elastic c.t. returns lung and thorax to original volume
Forceful expiration
internal intercostals contract - lower ribs more/fast
abdominal muscles contract - raise diaphragm more/fast
