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Anatomy Lecture > Respiratory System - E3 > Flashcards

Respiratory System - E3 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system functions

A

With cardiovascular system to deliver O2 and remove CO2, as well as modify air, deliver smell, and produce sounds

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2
Q

Functional divisions of the respiratory system

A 
Conducting zone (nose to lung)
Respiratory zone (alveoli)
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3
Q

Anatomical divisions of the respiratory system

A

Upper respiratory tract (nose & pharynx)

Lower respiratory tract (everything else)

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4
Q

External nose

A

formed by nasal & maxilla bones, and hyaline cartilage
L and R nares (nostrils)
L and R vestibules (strat. squamosal epi.)

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5
Q

Internal nose

A

3 pairs of meatuses formed by 3 pairs of conchae
Pseudo strat. columnar epi.
L and R posterior nasal apertures act as funnel

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6
Q

Role of conchae

A

increase surface area of nose to clean, warm, and moisten air; very vascular
Have erectile tissue that allow for that swelling

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7
Q

Alternate names for conchae and posterior nasal apertures

A

turbinates and choanae, respectively

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8
Q

Three divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx (bifids into larynx and esophagus)

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9
Q

Tissue components of the three divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx - pseudostrat. ciliated col. epi.
oropharynx - strat. squamosal epi.
laryngopharynx - strat. squamosal epi.

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10
Q

Boundaries and components of the nasopharynx

A

posterior nares to uvula

auditory tubes, tubal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

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11
Q

Boundaries and components of the oropharynx

A 
uvula to tip of epiglottis
oral cavity (lingual or palatine tonsils)
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12
Q

Boundaries and components of the laryngopharynx

A

tip of epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

bifids into larynx and esophagus

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13
Q

Larynx

A 
voice box
1. epiglottis - leaf shaped
2. thyroid - shield shaped
3. cricoid - ring shaped
(2) pairs of folds
1. vestibular folds - false vocal cords
2. vocal cords - true vocal cords
Glottis = vocal cords+space between them
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14
Q

Tissue components of larynx

A

Superiorly - strat. squamosal epi.

Inferiorly - pseudo strat. ciliated col. epi.

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15
Q

Larynx when swallowing

A
  1. larynx rises
  2. epiglottis hinges down
  3. vestibular folds close glottis
    Thereby, we don’t breathe in food
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16
Q

Trachea location and components

A 
anterior to esophagus
tubular passage of C-shaped cartilaginous rings
lined w/pseudostrat. ciliated col. epi. 
trachealis muscle
outer layer is an adventitia
17
Q

Trachealis muscle

A

smooth muscle and elastic c.t. that holds ends of the “C” together

18
Q

Why C-shaped cartilaginous rings for trachea

A
  1. Maintains patency of tube (openness)
  2. allows of expansion of esophagus
  3. allows adjustment of tracheal diameter
19
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Trachea
L/R main bronchi (enter lungs)
Lobar bronchi (1/lobe ea. lung; 3 lobes/R, 2 lobes/L)
Segmental bronchi (supply bronchopulmonary seg.)
Bronchioles (1st location w/o cartilage)
Terminal bronchioles (end of conducting zone)
Respiratory bronchioles (still cuboidal/smooth muscle)
Alveolar duct (alveolus and alveolar sacs)

20
Q

What happens as you move “down” the bronchial tree

A

diameter, cartilage decrease
smooth muscle increases
epithelium chnaged to non-cilitated simple cuboidal

21
Q

What does nicotine do?

A

paralyzes cilia, constricts smooth muscle, decreases diameter of bronchioles, increases mucus production

22
Q

Tissue component of alveoli

A

simple squamosal epithelium and no smooth muscle
type I are the site of gas exchange
type II outnumber type I secrete surfactant
Alveolar macrophages to eat pathogens

23
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

have microvilli

secrete surfactant to avoid collapse and repair damage

24
Q

Alveolus “jacket”

A

dense capillary network

25
Q

6 layers from alveoli to capillary

A
  1. Surfactant
  2. Type I alveolar cells
  3. squamous cell basement membrane
  4. Interstitial space
  5. Capillary basement membrane
  6. Capillary endothelial cell
26
Q

Tissue component of basement membranes

A

areolar connective tissue

27
Q

Tissue component of interstitial space

A

dense, irregular connective tissue

28
Q

What is each lobe divided into

What is each bronchopulmonary segment divided into

A

bronchopulmonary segments

pulmonary lobules

29
Q

Functions of the lungs

A

reduce friction
create pressure gradient
compartmentalization against pathogens

30
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

increase volume, decrease pressure

decrease volume, increase pressure

31
Q

Normal inspiration

A

diaphragm contracts

ribs angle parallel

32
Q

Normal expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes

elastic c.t. returns lung and thorax to original volume

33
Q

Forceful expiration

A

internal intercostals contract - lower ribs more/fast

abdominal muscles contract - raise diaphragm more/fast

Anatomy Lecture (14 decks)

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