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Anatomy Lecture > Central Nervous System - E4 > Flashcards

Central Nervous System - E4 Flashcards

1
Q

Rostral

Caudal

A

toward the forehead/nose

toward the spinal cord

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2
Q

4 major parts of the CNS

A
  1. Brain Stem
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Cerebrum
  4. Cerebellum
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3
Q

What are ventricles?

A

spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid and lined with ependymal cells

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4
Q

Lateral ventricles location

A

separated by the septum pellucidum

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5
Q

Interventricular foramina

A

connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

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6
Q

Cerebral aqueduct (in relation to ventricles)

A

connects the third and fourth ventricles

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7
Q

Fourth ventricle location

A

continuous with the central canal of spinal cord and connects to subarachnoid space via median and paired lateral apertures

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8
Q

Subparts of the brain stem

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
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9
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

conduction pathway of the CNS (decussation of pyramids)

holds nuclei for CN VIII-XII

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10
Q

Pyramids vs Olives

A

pyramids are anterior bulges (contain tracts)
olives are lateral bulges (contain nuclei)
both pertaining to medulla oblongata

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11
Q

“Pons”

A

bridge

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12
Q

Pons function

A

connects medulla to midbrain

holds nuclei for CN V-VIII

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13
Q

“peduncles”

A

little feet

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14
Q

“colliculi”

A

little hills

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15
Q

“folia”

A

leaf

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16
Q

CN in midbrain

A

CN III and IV

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17
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A

apart of the midbrain

  1. superior colliculi - visual reflexes
  2. inferior colliculi - auditory reflexes
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18
Q

Functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. regulates voluntary, skilled movements
  2. regulates posture and balance
  3. other sensory and motor functions

50% of brain’s neurons, but only 10% of its mass

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19
Q

“Arbor vitae”

A

tree of life

white matter of the cerebellum

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20
Q

Subparts of the diencephalon

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. epithalamus
  4. third ventricle
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21
Q

Thalamus

A

“gateway to the cerebral cortex”

relay center for all sensory info except smell

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22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

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23
Q

Infundibulum

A

connects the hypothalamus to pituitary gland

24
Q

Pineal gland

A

“pine cone”
part of the epithalamus
sleep regulation

25
Q

Third ventricle

A

“donut” pierced by interthalamic adhesion

26
Q

gray/white matter location in the brain vs spinal cord

A

Brain - gray outside of white

Spinal cord - gray inside of white

27
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outer rind of the gray matter of the cerebrum

conscious mind

28
Q

Insula

A

“island”

deep in lateral sulcus

29
Q

Sulcus vs gyrus

A

sulcus for grooves

gyrus for folds

30
Q

white matter tract types

A

association tracts are in the same hemisphere
commissural tracts are between hemispheres
projection tracts are outside of the cerebrum

31
Q

basal nuclei

A

several large nuclei embedded w/i white matter of the cerebrum

32
Q

Limbic system

A

limbic = “border”

bilateral interconnected rings of structures
includes hippocampus and fornix

33
Q

Hippocampus

A

“seahorse”

memory

34
Q

Fornix

A

“arch”

link between limbic system and diencephalon

35
Q

Cerebrum functions

A
  1. sensory: interpret and localize
  2. motor: initiate movement
  3. association: emotion and intellect
  4. basal nuclei: gross, autonomic movement
  5. limbic: emotional behavior related to survival/memory
36
Q

Meninges

A

connective tissue coverings that protect the brain

37
Q

Layers of the meninges

outermost to innermost

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid
  3. pia mater
38
Q

Dura mater

A

“tough mother”
dense, irregular c.t.
periosteal (most superficial) and meningeal

39
Q

Extensions of the dura that help w/anchoring

A
  1. falx cerebri - between hemispheres in long. fissure
  2. falx cerebelli - between cerebellar hemispheres
  3. tentorium cerebelli - in transverse fissure
40
Q

Arachnoid

A

“spidery”
gives rise to collagen and elastic c.t.
subarachnoid space is filled with CSF

41
Q

Pia mater

A

collagen and few elastic fibers
adheres tightly to the brain surface
thinnest layer

42
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

suspends the brain
absorbs shock
exchange of gases, nutrients, waste

43
Q

Ependymal cells

A

within choroid plexuses

produce CSF

44
Q

Path of CSF

A
  1. lateral ventricles
  2. interventricular foramen
  3. third ventricle
  4. cerebral aqueduct
  5. fourth ventricle
  6. lateral apertures, median aperture, or central canal
  7. subarachnoid space
  8. arachnoid granulations
  9. dural venous sinuses
45
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

continuous capillaries that have no clefts

46
Q

spinal cord location

A

begins at foramen magnum (continuation of medulla)
ends at L1
31 segments

47
Q

Cauda equina

A

“horse tail” the inferior portion of nerves after the spinal cord ends

48
Q

filum terminate

A

thin c.t. layer than anchors the spinal cord inferiorly

49
Q

funiculi of the white matter

A

“columns”

dorsal, ventral, and lateral funiculi

50
Q

ascending vs descending tracts

A

ascending are sensory = spinal cord to brain

descending are motor = brain to spinal cord

51
Q

horns of the gray matter

A

ventral horn - skeletal motor neuron cell bodies

lateral horn - smooth, cardiac, and gland motor neuron cell bodies

dorsal horn - interneurons

52
Q
  1. ventral root
  2. dorsal root
  3. dorsal root ganglion
A
  1. carries motor axons from CNS (efferent)
  2. carries sensory axons into CNS (afferent)
  3. sensory cell bodies
53
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

lateral extensions of the pia mater in the spinal cord

suspend and anchor the spinal cord

54
Q

Spinal cord functions

A
  1. conduction pathway

2. integration center (spinal reflexes and locomotion)

55
Q

spinal reflexes

A

fast, automatic, predictable response to stimuli

56
Q

locomotion

A

central pattern generators for coordinating repetitive muscle activity

57
Q

integration pathway

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron (posterior root, afferent)
  3. integrating center (gray matter)/
  4. motor neuron (anterior root, efferent)
  5. effector

Anatomy Lecture (14 decks)

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