Respiratory System Disease ALL Flashcards
1
Q
Parts of mammalian thing respiratory system:
A
- nasal cavity
- sinuses
- larynx
- trachea/bronchi
- lungs
2
Q
Obligate nasal breathers
A
breathe with mouth closed
3
Q
What does the epiglottis do?
A
directs air from nasal cavaties -> nasopharynx -> larynx
4
Q
Guttural pouch
A
-unique to equids
-normally filled with air
-function unknown
-opens into the pharynx
5
Q
Hyoid apparatus
A
-attaches to larynx and tongue
-cartilage and bone
6
Q
Mammalian lower airway
A
-trachea
-bronchi
-progressively smaller airways
-gas exchange that occurs in alveoli
7
Q
Inspiration
A
-expansion of thorax
-pull ribs laterally
-diaphragm contracts and flattens
-abs relax
8
Q
Expiration
A
-decrease in size of thorax
-ribs move medially
-relaxation of diaphragm
-ab muscles contract
9
Q
Normal respiratory assessment steps:
A
- view from afar
- inspection of nostrils
- evaluate mucous membranes
- listent to sinuses, trachea, lungs
- palpation of trachea
10
Q
Increased rate of respiration
A
tachypnea
11
Q
Increased respiratory effort:
A
dyspnea
12
Q
Define Layrngeal hemiplegia
A
paresis or paralysis of arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold
13
Q
Paresis
A
weakness
14
Q
What is Layrngeal hemiplegia caused by?
A
caused by progressive loss of large myelinated fibers in distal portion of recurrent
15
Q
What are some less common causes of Layrngeal hemiplegia?
A
- trauma to recurrent laryngeal nerve
- accidental perivascular injection of irritating substances
- plant and chemical toxins
16
Q
Who is at risk for Layrngeal hemiplegia?
A
males and longer necked individuals or larger breeds
17
Q
Signs of Layrngeal hemiplegia
A
exercise intolerance, roaring
18
Q
Diagnosis of Layrngeal hemiplegia
A
endoscopy
19
Q
Treatment of Layrngeal hemiplegia
A
surgery to stabilize
20
Q
Dorsal displacement of the soft place
A
caudal free margin of soft palate moves dorsal to epiglottis, creating a function obstruction
21
Q
Several possible causes of displacement of the soft place:
A
- inflammation of upper respiratory tract may cause nerve disfunction
- congenital hypoplasia of epiglottis
- previous surgery for roaring
22
Q
Signs of displacement of the soft place
A
choke down, respiratory noise, difficulty breathing, stretching of neck
23
Q
Diagnosis of displacement of the soft place
A
endoscopy
24
Q
Treatment displacement of the soft place
A
better in young with anti-inflammatories and rest but in older surgery is common
25
Equine asthma
allergy mediated inflammatory lower airway disease
26
Signs of Equine asthma
flared nostrils, tachypnea, dyspnea, cough, heave line
27
When do most horses exhibit Equine asthma signs?
when housed in stables, bedded on straw, and fed hay, and has exposure to mold allergens in poorly ventilated areas
28
Equine asthma is more common in ...
middle aged older horses, no breed or gender predilection
29
Treatment of Equine asthma
reduce allergen exposure, bronchodilators, steroids
30
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle
inhalation of mold spores that reach smallest airways and alveoli and cause allergic response
31
Acute signs of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle
respiratory distress, anorexia, fever, agalactia
32
Chronic signs of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle
weight loss, poor production, persistent cough with increased respiratory rate
33
Treatment and diagnosis for Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle
similar to equine asthma
34
EIPH
causes high pulmonary vascular pressure created at max effort of exercise
35
What does EIPH cause?
thickening of pulmonary vein walls and increase pressure at level of capillaries
36
Signs of EIPH
poor performance, coughing and frequent swallowing, epistaxis
37
Diagnosis of EIPH
visualizing blood in airways with endoscopy (bronchoalveolar lavage and cytology)
38
Treatment of EIPH
diuretic to reduce blood volume and pressure, and nasal dilator bands
39
Avain respiratory system
nasal cavity, sinuses, trachea, lungs, air sacs, nares, choana, syrinx, lungs, air sacs, NO DIAPHRAGM
40
Choana
cleft in palate opening between oral and nasal cavities (ALLOWS breathing with mouth closed)
41
Syrinx
located where trachea divides into primary bronchi, in charge of vocalization
42
Air sacs
connected to lungs and bones, increase volume of air that is inhaled and can move through lungs for gas exchange
43
Air flow in birds
sternum moves ventrally and cranially during inspiration
44
Signs of respiratory disease
1. tachypnea and or dyspnea
2. open beak breathing
3. persistent sneezing, coughing, respiratory noise
4. discharge from eyes or nares
5. cyanotic blue comb or wattle
45
Common causes of respiratory signs:
1. primary respiratory infection
2. non respiratory disease compressing air sacs
3. trauma
4. cardiovascular disease
5. anemia
46
Rhinitis
irritation and inflammation of lining of nasal cavity
47
Common signs of Rhinitis
sneezing and nasal discharge
48
What can Rhinitis be caused by?
irritants, allergens, bacteria, fungus, and viruses
49
What is the key to control Rhinitis?
improve ventilation
50
Most common cause of atrophic Rhinitis in swine:
bordetella bronchiseptica
51
Signs of Atrophic Rhinitis:
sneezing, snuffling, nasal discharge, nosebleeds, excessive tearing, whooping cough
52
Atrophic Rhinitis is transmitted by:
direct contact and aerosol
53
Diagnosis of Atrophic Rhinitis
signs and culture of nasal cavity
54
Control of Atrophic Rhinitis
1. improve housing
2. vaccination
3. antibiotics
55
Nasal bots
bot fly
56
Nasal bots affect:
sheep
57
Signs of Nasal bots
irritation and inflammation causes profuse nasal discharge, sneezing, head shaking, loss of condition due to decreased grazing time
58
Treatment of Nasal bots
anti parasitic
59
Empyema
pus in guttural pouch
60
Mycosis
fungal infection in pouch
61
Signs of guttural pouch disease
nasal discharge, painful swelling in area, cranial nerve deficits
62
Diagnosis guttural pouch disease
radiographs and endoscopy
63
Treatment of guttural pouch disease
involves systemic and local antimicrobial therapy
64
Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis
equine herpes
65
Incubation period of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis
2-10 days
66
Signs of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis
fever, nasal discharge, cough, inappetence, and/or enlarged lymph nodes, abortion possible
67
Transmission of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis
direct or indirect contact with infectious nasal secretions and aborted tissues
68
Diagnosis of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis
PCR or viral isolation
69
Treatment of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis
supportive care (possible anti viral medications)
70
Control of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis
1. good biosecurity
2. minimizing stress
3. vaccination
71
Is Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis reportable?
yes
72
Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
chicken herpes
73
ILT signs
coughing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, dyspnea, blood in trachea
74
ILT transmission
direct contact, droplet, and fomite via infected respiratory secretions
75
Lesions of ILT
necrotizing tracheitis with hemorrhage and casts in trachea
76
Diagnosis of ILT
signs, biopsy of trachea, PCR
77
Control of ILT
vaccine in high risk areas
78
Is ILT reportable?
yes
79
Bluetongue
disease of domestic and wild ruminants mainly in sheep
80
Transmission of Bluetongue
bite from culicoides midges
81
Acute signs of Bluetongue
dyspnea, fever, frothing from nostrils, death due to pulmonary edema
82
Chronic signs of Bluetongue
unthrifty, wool break, reproductive losses
83
Diagnosis of Bluetongue
signs and lesions, confirmed with virus isolation, PCR, or serologic response
84
Control of Bluetongue
vaccine available, and control vectors
85
Pneumonia
infectious/inflammatory condition of lungs
86
Common signs of Pneumonia
dyspnea, respiratory noise, cyanosis, coughing, fever
87
What is Pneumonia caused by?
respiratory irritants, bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungus
88
Contributing factors of Pneumonia:
1. poor ventiliation
2. stress and overcrowding
3. inadequate biosecurity
4. inadequate testing and vaccination
89
How to control Pneumonia?
focus on improving management, treating the treatable and providing supportive care, and improving immunity
90
Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia
fungal pneumonia
91
Signs of Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia
dyspnea, tachypnea, anorexia, increased thrist
92
Lesions of Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia
pneumonia and air sacculitis, fungal nodes/plaques in liver, GI, and brain
93
Diagnosis of Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia
signs and gross lesions , confirm with fungal culture or tissue biopsy
94
Treatment of Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia
anti-fungal medications is possible but unrewarding
95
Control of Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia
proper sanitation and good ventilation
96
Aspiration Pneumonia
pulmonary infection (usually bacteria) characterized by inflammation and necrosis due to inhalation of foreign material
97
Possible causes of Aspiration Pneumonia:
1. inappropriate admin of oral liquids
2. aggressive dipping technique
3. primary neurologic pathology that affects swallowing or recumbency
4. esophageal disease that leads to reflux
98
Lesions of Aspiration Pneumonia
cranioventral parts of lung
99
Diagnosis of Aspiration Pneumonia
based on history and signs, transtracheal wash can be cultured
100
Treatment of Aspiration Pneumonia
broad septum antibiotics
101
Poultry Mycoplasma
M. gallisepticum
102
Cattle Mycoplasma
M. mycoides mycoides
103
Sheep Mycoplasma
M. ovipneumoniae
104
Swine Mycoplasma
M. hypopneumonia
105
M. gallisepticum transmission
vertical and horizontal
106
Signs of M. gallisepticum
nasal discharge, dyspnea, respiratory noise, coughing, infraorbital sinus swelling, decreased weight, egg production
107
Is M. gallisepticum reportable?
yes
108
Diagnosis of M. gallisepticum
signs, serology, bacterial PCR
109
Treatment M. gallisepticum
antibiotics but doesn't completely clear
110
M. mycoides mycoides
foreign animal disease for cattle
111
Signs of M. mycoides mycoides
fever, anorexia, dyspnea, death within 1-3 weeks
112
Transmission of M. mycoides mycoides
inhalation of infective droplets and transplacentally
113
Diagnosis of M. mycoides mycoides
necropsy lesions, with serology or PCR
114
What is advised with M. mycoides mycoides outbreak?
cull and perform necropsy
115
Is there a vaccine for M. mycoides mycoides?
yes but only effective if herd immunity is achieved
116
Treatment for M. mycoides mycoides
antibiotic treatment is possible but only recommended in endemic areas
117
M. hypopneumonia
pneumonia of swine
118
M. hypopneumonia what age of swine does it affect?
growing pigs
119
Signs of M. hypopneumonia
persistent dry cough and stunted growth
120
Transmission of M. hypopneumonia
direct contact with infected respiratory secretions and aerosol
121
Diagnosis of M. hypopneumonia
signs, serology, PCR
122
Control of M. hypopneumonia
Vaccination, disinfectants, strict biosecurity and good ventilation
123
M. ovipneumoniae
enzootic pneumonia of sheep
124
M. ovipneumoniae signs
chronic cough, nasal discharge, dyspnea with exertion, decreased production, lungs are filled with infectious and inflammatory material
125
M. ovipneumoniae transmission
inhalation of aerosolized respiratory secretions and direct contact
126
Treatment of M. ovipneumoniae
antibiotics
127
Control of M. ovipneumoniae
decrease stress, increase ventilation and decrease overcrowding
128
OPP
Ovine progressive pneumonia
129
OPP affect what animal
sheep
130
Incubation time of OPP
2-4 YEARS
131
Some signs of OPP
swollen lymph nodes, nasal discharge, coughing, difficulty breathing, secondary arthritis, mastitis, encephalitis, large heavy lungs
132
Transmission of OPP
colostrum/milk direct contact and vertical is rare
133
Diagnosis of OPP
PCR
134
Prevention of OPP
testing and isolation or culling of seropositive animals and dont feed young positive animals milk or colostrum
135
Influenza
orthomyxoviridae enveloped RNA virus
136
4 common types of influenza
A, B, C, D
137
Hemagglutinin (H or HA)
viral protein on surface that attaches to host cell
138
Neuraminidase (N or NA)
enzyme on surface that catalyzes removal of sialic acid from sialic acid containing glycoproteins allowing release of newly formed viruses from host cell membrane
139
Swine Influenza TYPE
A
140
Does Swine influenza exist in the US?
widespread in US most common in midwest
141
Signs of swine influenza
sudden onset <24 hours with fever, watery nasal and ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, dyspnea and coughing
142
Mortality and morbidity of swine influenza
high morbidity, low mortality
143
How fast does swine influenza spread?
1-3 days
144
How quick do pigs recover from swine influenza?
within a week but pneumonia is a complicaiton
145
Transmission of swine influenza
direct contact and aerosol of infected nasal secretions
146
Diagnosis of swine influenza
PCR or viral isolation from nasal or lung swabs or serology which is most commonly used for herd surveys
147
Treatment of swine influenza
supportive care and anti-inflammatories, fluids
148
Control of swine influenza
IS DIFFICULT
149
Why is control of swine influenza difficult?
1. can survive up to 3 months in carriers
2. vaccine is available but needs to be updated like peoples
3. virus is can survive outside living cells for 2 weeks
150
Is there zoonotic potential with swine influenza?
yes swine are a mixing vessel for viral reassortment
151
Avian Influenza TYPE
A
152
Virus strains for Avian Influenza vary in:
low pathogenic and high pathogenic
153
How is Avian Influenza transmitted?
aerosols of infected respiratory secretions, but fecal oral through direct or indirect
154
What is a huge risk factor for Avian Influenza?
exposure to wild birds
155
Signs of Avian Influenza :
mild to severe respiratory signs (sneezing, snicking, dyspnea, swollen infraorbital sinus), decreased egg production, CNS signs, diarrhea, death without prior signs (HPAI)
156
Is Avian Influenza zoonotic?
yes and reportable
157
HPAI
High pathogenic avian influenza
158
How to diagnose HPAI?
antigen testing, PCR, serology
159
Best preventative for HPAI
biosecurity, vaccine is available
160
Signs of equine influenza
high fever, clear nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes, dry cough
161
Equine influenza transmission
inhalation of respiratory droplets
162
Treatment equine influenza
supportive care
163
Care for equine influenza
restricting exercise, improving ventilation, and practice good stable management, vaccine possible needs booster
