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Animal Diseases > Respiratory System Disease ALL > Flashcards

Respiratory System Disease ALL Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of mammalian thing respiratory system:

A
  1. nasal cavity
  2. sinuses
  3. larynx
  4. trachea/bronchi
  5. lungs
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2
Q

Obligate nasal breathers

A

breathe with mouth closed

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3
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

directs air from nasal cavaties -> nasopharynx -> larynx

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4
Q

Guttural pouch

A

-unique to equids
-normally filled with air
-function unknown
-opens into the pharynx

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5
Q

Hyoid apparatus

A

-attaches to larynx and tongue
-cartilage and bone

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6
Q

Mammalian lower airway

A

-trachea
-bronchi
-progressively smaller airways
-gas exchange that occurs in alveoli

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7
Q

Inspiration

A

-expansion of thorax
-pull ribs laterally
-diaphragm contracts and flattens
-abs relax

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8
Q

Expiration

A

-decrease in size of thorax
-ribs move medially
-relaxation of diaphragm
-ab muscles contract

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9
Q

Normal respiratory assessment steps:

A
  1. view from afar
  2. inspection of nostrils
  3. evaluate mucous membranes
  4. listent to sinuses, trachea, lungs
  5. palpation of trachea
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10
Q

Increased rate of respiration

A

tachypnea

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11
Q

Increased respiratory effort:

A

dyspnea

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12
Q

Define Layrngeal hemiplegia

A

paresis or paralysis of arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold

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13
Q

Paresis

A

weakness

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14
Q

What is Layrngeal hemiplegia caused by?

A

caused by progressive loss of large myelinated fibers in distal portion of recurrent

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15
Q

What are some less common causes of Layrngeal hemiplegia?

A
  1. trauma to recurrent laryngeal nerve
  2. accidental perivascular injection of irritating substances
  3. plant and chemical toxins
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16
Q

Who is at risk for Layrngeal hemiplegia?

A

males and longer necked individuals or larger breeds

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17
Q

Signs of Layrngeal hemiplegia

A

exercise intolerance, roaring

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18
Q

Diagnosis of Layrngeal hemiplegia

A

endoscopy

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19
Q

Treatment of Layrngeal hemiplegia

A

surgery to stabilize

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20
Q

Dorsal displacement of the soft place

A

caudal free margin of soft palate moves dorsal to epiglottis, creating a function obstruction

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21
Q

Several possible causes of displacement of the soft place:

A
  1. inflammation of upper respiratory tract may cause nerve disfunction
  2. congenital hypoplasia of epiglottis
  3. previous surgery for roaring
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22
Q

Signs of displacement of the soft place

A

choke down, respiratory noise, difficulty breathing, stretching of neck

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23
Q

Diagnosis of displacement of the soft place

A

endoscopy

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24
Q

Treatment displacement of the soft place

A

better in young with anti-inflammatories and rest but in older surgery is common

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25
Q

Equine asthma

A

allergy mediated inflammatory lower airway disease

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26
Q

Signs of Equine asthma

A

flared nostrils, tachypnea, dyspnea, cough, heave line

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27
Q

When do most horses exhibit Equine asthma signs?

A

when housed in stables, bedded on straw, and fed hay, and has exposure to mold allergens in poorly ventilated areas

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28
Q

Equine asthma is more common in …

A

middle aged older horses, no breed or gender predilection

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29
Q

Treatment of Equine asthma

A

reduce allergen exposure, bronchodilators, steroids

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30
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle

A

inhalation of mold spores that reach smallest airways and alveoli and cause allergic response

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31
Q

Acute signs of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle

A

respiratory distress, anorexia, fever, agalactia

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32
Q

Chronic signs of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle

A

weight loss, poor production, persistent cough with increased respiratory rate

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33
Q

Treatment and diagnosis for Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle

A

similar to equine asthma

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34
Q

EIPH

A

causes high pulmonary vascular pressure created at max effort of exercise

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35
Q

What does EIPH cause?

A

thickening of pulmonary vein walls and increase pressure at level of capillaries

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36
Q

Signs of EIPH

A

poor performance, coughing and frequent swallowing, epistaxis

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37
Q

Diagnosis of EIPH

A

visualizing blood in airways with endoscopy (bronchoalveolar lavage and cytology)

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38
Q

Treatment of EIPH

A

diuretic to reduce blood volume and pressure, and nasal dilator bands

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39
Q

Avain respiratory system

A

nasal cavity, sinuses, trachea, lungs, air sacs, nares, choana, syrinx, lungs, air sacs, NO DIAPHRAGM

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40
Q

Choana

A

cleft in palate opening between oral and nasal cavities (ALLOWS breathing with mouth closed)

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41
Q

Syrinx

A

located where trachea divides into primary bronchi, in charge of vocalization

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42
Q

Air sacs

A

connected to lungs and bones, increase volume of air that is inhaled and can move through lungs for gas exchange

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43
Q

Air flow in birds

A

sternum moves ventrally and cranially during inspiration

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44
Q

Signs of respiratory disease

A
  1. tachypnea and or dyspnea
  2. open beak breathing
  3. persistent sneezing, coughing, respiratory noise
  4. discharge from eyes or nares
  5. cyanotic blue comb or wattle
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45
Q

Common causes of respiratory signs:

A
  1. primary respiratory infection
  2. non respiratory disease compressing air sacs
  3. trauma
  4. cardiovascular disease
  5. anemia
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46
Q

Rhinitis

A

irritation and inflammation of lining of nasal cavity

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47
Q

Common signs of Rhinitis

A

sneezing and nasal discharge

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48
Q

What can Rhinitis be caused by?

A

irritants, allergens, bacteria, fungus, and viruses

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49
Q

What is the key to control Rhinitis?

A

improve ventilation

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50
Q

Most common cause of atrophic Rhinitis in swine:

A

bordetella bronchiseptica

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51
Q

Signs of Atrophic Rhinitis:

A

sneezing, snuffling, nasal discharge, nosebleeds, excessive tearing, whooping cough

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52
Q

Atrophic Rhinitis is transmitted by:

A

direct contact and aerosol

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53
Q

Diagnosis of Atrophic Rhinitis

A

signs and culture of nasal cavity

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54
Q

Control of Atrophic Rhinitis

A
  1. improve housing
  2. vaccination
  3. antibiotics
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55
Q

Nasal bots

A

bot fly

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56
Q

Nasal bots affect:

A

sheep

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57
Q

Signs of Nasal bots

A

irritation and inflammation causes profuse nasal discharge, sneezing, head shaking, loss of condition due to decreased grazing time

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58
Q

Treatment of Nasal bots

A

anti parasitic

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59
Q

Empyema

A

pus in guttural pouch

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60
Q

Mycosis

A

fungal infection in pouch

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61
Q

Signs of guttural pouch disease

A

nasal discharge, painful swelling in area, cranial nerve deficits

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62
Q

Diagnosis guttural pouch disease

A

radiographs and endoscopy

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63
Q

Treatment of guttural pouch disease

A

involves systemic and local antimicrobial therapy

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64
Q

Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis

A

equine herpes

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65
Q

Incubation period of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis

A

2-10 days

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66
Q

Signs of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis

A

fever, nasal discharge, cough, inappetence, and/or enlarged lymph nodes, abortion possible

67
Q

Transmission of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis

A

direct or indirect contact with infectious nasal secretions and aborted tissues

68
Q

Diagnosis of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis

A

PCR or viral isolation

69
Q

Treatment of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis

A

supportive care (possible anti viral medications)

70
Q

Control of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis

A
  1. good biosecurity
  2. minimizing stress
  3. vaccination
71
Q

Is Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis reportable?

A

yes

72
Q

Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)

A

chicken herpes

73
Q

ILT signs

A

coughing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, dyspnea, blood in trachea

74
Q

ILT transmission

A

direct contact, droplet, and fomite via infected respiratory secretions

75
Q

Lesions of ILT

A

necrotizing tracheitis with hemorrhage and casts in trachea

76
Q

Diagnosis of ILT

A

signs, biopsy of trachea, PCR

77
Q

Control of ILT

A

vaccine in high risk areas

78
Q

Is ILT reportable?

A

yes

79
Q

Bluetongue

A

disease of domestic and wild ruminants mainly in sheep

80
Q

Transmission of Bluetongue

A

bite from culicoides midges

81
Q

Acute signs of Bluetongue

A

dyspnea, fever, frothing from nostrils, death due to pulmonary edema

82
Q

Chronic signs of Bluetongue

A

unthrifty, wool break, reproductive losses

83
Q

Diagnosis of Bluetongue

A

signs and lesions, confirmed with virus isolation, PCR, or serologic response

84
Q

Control of Bluetongue

A

vaccine available, and control vectors

85
Q

Pneumonia

A

infectious/inflammatory condition of lungs

86
Q

Common signs of Pneumonia

A

dyspnea, respiratory noise, cyanosis, coughing, fever

87
Q

What is Pneumonia caused by?

A

respiratory irritants, bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungus

88
Q

Contributing factors of Pneumonia:

A
  1. poor ventiliation
  2. stress and overcrowding
  3. inadequate biosecurity
  4. inadequate testing and vaccination
89
Q

How to control Pneumonia?

A

focus on improving management, treating the treatable and providing supportive care, and improving immunity

90
Q

Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia

A

fungal pneumonia

91
Q

Signs of Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia

A

dyspnea, tachypnea, anorexia, increased thrist

92
Q

Lesions of Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia

A

pneumonia and air sacculitis, fungal nodes/plaques in liver, GI, and brain

93
Q

Diagnosis of Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia

A

signs and gross lesions , confirm with fungal culture or tissue biopsy

94
Q

Treatment of Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia

A

anti-fungal medications is possible but unrewarding

95
Q

Control of Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia

A

proper sanitation and good ventilation

96
Q

Aspiration Pneumonia

A

pulmonary infection (usually bacteria) characterized by inflammation and necrosis due to inhalation of foreign material

97
Q

Possible causes of Aspiration Pneumonia:

A
  1. inappropriate admin of oral liquids
  2. aggressive dipping technique
  3. primary neurologic pathology that affects swallowing or recumbency
  4. esophageal disease that leads to reflux
98
Q

Lesions of Aspiration Pneumonia

A

cranioventral parts of lung

99
Q

Diagnosis of Aspiration Pneumonia

A

based on history and signs, transtracheal wash can be cultured

100
Q

Treatment of Aspiration Pneumonia

A

broad septum antibiotics

101
Q

Poultry Mycoplasma

A

M. gallisepticum

102
Q

Cattle Mycoplasma

A

M. mycoides mycoides

103
Q

Sheep Mycoplasma

A

M. ovipneumoniae

104
Q

Swine Mycoplasma

A

M. hypopneumonia

105
Q

M. gallisepticum transmission

A

vertical and horizontal

106
Q

Signs of M. gallisepticum

A

nasal discharge, dyspnea, respiratory noise, coughing, infraorbital sinus swelling, decreased weight, egg production

107
Q

Is M. gallisepticum reportable?

A

yes

108
Q

Diagnosis of M. gallisepticum

A

signs, serology, bacterial PCR

109
Q

Treatment M. gallisepticum

A

antibiotics but doesn’t completely clear

110
Q

M. mycoides mycoides

A

foreign animal disease for cattle

111
Q

Signs of M. mycoides mycoides

A

fever, anorexia, dyspnea, death within 1-3 weeks

112
Q

Transmission of M. mycoides mycoides

A

inhalation of infective droplets and transplacentally

113
Q

Diagnosis of M. mycoides mycoides

A

necropsy lesions, with serology or PCR

114
Q

What is advised with M. mycoides mycoides outbreak?

A

cull and perform necropsy

115
Q

Is there a vaccine for M. mycoides mycoides?

A

yes but only effective if herd immunity is achieved

116
Q

Treatment for M. mycoides mycoides

A

antibiotic treatment is possible but only recommended in endemic areas

117
Q

M. hypopneumonia

A

pneumonia of swine

118
Q

M. hypopneumonia what age of swine does it affect?

A

growing pigs

119
Q

Signs of M. hypopneumonia

A

persistent dry cough and stunted growth

120
Q

Transmission of M. hypopneumonia

A

direct contact with infected respiratory secretions and aerosol

121
Q

Diagnosis of M. hypopneumonia

A

signs, serology, PCR

122
Q

Control of M. hypopneumonia

A

Vaccination, disinfectants, strict biosecurity and good ventilation

123
Q

M. ovipneumoniae

A

enzootic pneumonia of sheep

124
Q

M. ovipneumoniae signs

A

chronic cough, nasal discharge, dyspnea with exertion, decreased production, lungs are filled with infectious and inflammatory material

125
Q

M. ovipneumoniae transmission

A

inhalation of aerosolized respiratory secretions and direct contact

126
Q

Treatment of M. ovipneumoniae

A

antibiotics

127
Q

Control of M. ovipneumoniae

A

decrease stress, increase ventilation and decrease overcrowding

128
Q

OPP

A

Ovine progressive pneumonia

129
Q

OPP affect what animal

A

sheep

130
Q

Incubation time of OPP

A

2-4 YEARS

131
Q

Some signs of OPP

A

swollen lymph nodes, nasal discharge, coughing, difficulty breathing, secondary arthritis, mastitis, encephalitis, large heavy lungs

132
Q

Transmission of OPP

A

colostrum/milk direct contact and vertical is rare

133
Q

Diagnosis of OPP

A

PCR

134
Q

Prevention of OPP

A

testing and isolation or culling of seropositive animals and dont feed young positive animals milk or colostrum

135
Q

Influenza

A

orthomyxoviridae enveloped RNA virus

136
Q

4 common types of influenza

A

A, B, C, D

137
Q

Hemagglutinin (H or HA)

A

viral protein on surface that attaches to host cell

138
Q

Neuraminidase (N or NA)

A

enzyme on surface that catalyzes removal of sialic acid from sialic acid containing glycoproteins allowing release of newly formed viruses from host cell membrane

139
Q

Swine Influenza TYPE

A

A

140
Q

Does Swine influenza exist in the US?

A

widespread in US most common in midwest

141
Q

Signs of swine influenza

A

sudden onset <24 hours with fever, watery nasal and ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, dyspnea and coughing

142
Q

Mortality and morbidity of swine influenza

A

high morbidity, low mortality

143
Q

How fast does swine influenza spread?

A

1-3 days

144
Q

How quick do pigs recover from swine influenza?

A

within a week but pneumonia is a complicaiton

145
Q

Transmission of swine influenza

A

direct contact and aerosol of infected nasal secretions

146
Q

Diagnosis of swine influenza

A

PCR or viral isolation from nasal or lung swabs or serology which is most commonly used for herd surveys

147
Q

Treatment of swine influenza

A

supportive care and anti-inflammatories, fluids

148
Q

Control of swine influenza

A

IS DIFFICULT

149
Q

Why is control of swine influenza difficult?

A
  1. can survive up to 3 months in carriers
  2. vaccine is available but needs to be updated like peoples
  3. virus is can survive outside living cells for 2 weeks
150
Q

Is there zoonotic potential with swine influenza?

A

yes swine are a mixing vessel for viral reassortment

151
Q

Avian Influenza TYPE

A

A

152
Q

Virus strains for Avian Influenza vary in:

A

low pathogenic and high pathogenic

153
Q

How is Avian Influenza transmitted?

A

aerosols of infected respiratory secretions, but fecal oral through direct or indirect

154
Q

What is a huge risk factor for Avian Influenza?

A

exposure to wild birds

155
Q

Signs of Avian Influenza :

A

mild to severe respiratory signs (sneezing, snicking, dyspnea, swollen infraorbital sinus), decreased egg production, CNS signs, diarrhea, death without prior signs (HPAI)

156
Q

Is Avian Influenza zoonotic?

A

yes and reportable

157
Q

HPAI

A

High pathogenic avian influenza

158
Q

How to diagnose HPAI?

A

antigen testing, PCR, serology

159
Q

Best preventative for HPAI

A

biosecurity, vaccine is available

160
Q

Signs of equine influenza

A

high fever, clear nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes, dry cough

161
Q

Equine influenza transmission

A

inhalation of respiratory droplets

162
Q

Treatment equine influenza

A

supportive care

163
Q

Care for equine influenza

A

restricting exercise, improving ventilation, and practice good stable management, vaccine possible needs booster

Animal Diseases (12 decks)

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