Central Nervous System Disease ALL Flashcards
1
Q
Encephalitis
A
inflammation of the brain
2
Q
Myelitis
A
inflammation of the spinal cord
3
Q
Meningitis
A
inflammation of protective membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord
4
Q
Ataxia
A
uncoordinated limb movements
5
Q
Tremors
A
fine muscle contractions
6
Q
Seizures/convulsions
A
involuntary violent muscle contractions
7
Q
Opisthotonus
A
stargazing muscle rigidity, looking at the sky
8
Q
Torticollis
A
head tilt “wry neck”
9
Q
Paresis
A
weak motor function, weakness
10
Q
Paralysis
A
no motor function, unable to move
11
Q
Cerebrospinal Fluid
A
fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord inside the skull and vertebral column
12
Q
How can CSF be tested?
A
- sampled for cytology/cellular analysis
- culture, PCR, antibody test, virus isolation
13
Q
Hypoglycemia
A
low blood sugar
14
Q
Signs of Hypoglycemia
A
listelessness -> seizures -> coma -> death
15
Q
How do you confirm diagnosis of Hypoglycemia?
A
with blood evaluation glucometer
16
Q
Treatment of Hypoglycemia
A
with glucose containing fluids only give oral if they can swallow
17
Q
Polioencephalomalacia
A
edema, swelling, and necrosis of cerebral grey matter and may cause brain to herniate
18
Q
Signs of Polioencephalomalacia
A
ataxia, recumbency, head pressing, central blindness, opisthotonos, muscle tremors, seizures, nystagmus, changes in consciousness
19
Q
Causes Polioencephalomalacia
A
thiamine deficiency now
20
Q
Vitamin B1 Deficiency
A
associated with rumen acidosis, rumen rely on microorganisms for adequate production of vitamin B1
21
Q
Thiaminases
A
enzymes that breakdown thiamine
22
Q
What causes Vitamin B1 Deficiency
A
ingestion of medication s that block thiamine activity or thiamin’s contains plants
23
Q
How to diagnose Vitamin B1 Deficiency?
A
response to vitamin B1 supplementation
24
Q
How to prevent Vitamin B1 Deficiency?
A
providing good quality roughage, slowing adapting to any diet changes, avoiding toxic plants
25
Thiamine is also called...
vitamin B1
26
Menigoencephalitis
inflammation in and around the brain
27
What is Menigoencephalitis often a results of?
a systemic infection or infection with opportunitistic secondary invaders
28
Signs of Menigoencephalitis
fever, changes in consciousness, recumbency, ataxia, seizures, circling, paralysis, blindness
29
Diagnosis of Menigoencephalitis
sampling of CSF (culture, cytology, PCR) +/- blood
30
Treatment of Menigoencephalitis
supportive care, antimicrobial , anti-inflammatories, anti-seizure medication
31
Do animals normally survive Menigoencephalitis ?
most do not
32
Listeriosis
listeria monocytogenes , gram positive rod bacteria, can survive in environment for YEARS
33
Is Listeriosis zoonotic or reportable?
both
34
How do people get Listeriosis?
unpasteurized milk
35
Signs of Listeriosis
hindlimb paresis or paralysis, torticollis, opisthotonos
36
Lesions of Listeriosis
septicemia, abortions, mastitis, and focal encephalitis/menigoencephalitis with microabscesses and necrosis
37
Transmission of Listeriosis
feces, nasal and ocular secretions, uterine fluid, and milk my ingestion, inhalation, and wound contamination
38
Diagnosis of Listeriosis
post-mortem finding with culture and antibody test, also serology
39
Treatment of Listeriosis
antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and supportive care can be attempted but mostly FATAL
40
Prevention of Listeriosis
good food and animal hygiene
41
Baylisascaris procyonis
raccoon roundworm
42
Transmission of Baylisascaris procyonis
ingestion of aberrant larva that migrates throughout body to CNS and ocular tissue
43
Signs of Baylisascaris procyonis
blindness, seizures, other CNS signs
44
Diagnosis of Baylisascaris procyonis
in nonhuman animals on necropsy or if you see the larva in their eye
45
Prevention of Baylisascaris procyonis
regular deworming may kill larvae and limiting access to raccoons
46
Rabies
rhabdovirus, enveloped RNA virus
47
Is rabies zoonotic or reportable?
both
48
Is rabies fatal?
yes 100%
49
Transmission of rabies
through saliva or bite, common animals are bats, skunks, foxes raccoons
50
Lesions of rabies
encephalitis
51
Signs of rabies
depression, ataxia, paralysis, aggression, behavior changes, swallowing frequently with foamy salivation, colic, furious vs dumb version
52
Who should be vaccinated for rabies?
everyone but mainly horses!
53
For livestock if signs suggests rabies what should you do?
euthanize animals and submit head or entire brain for testing
54
If they have never been vaccinated for rabies but showing signs:
euthanize immediately or in special cases quarantine for 6 months
55
If the animal is vaccinated but showing possible signs:
give booster and observe for 45 days
56
Pseudorabies
herpes virus enveloped DNA virus
57
Pseudorabies primarily affects:
swine
58
Reservoirs for Pseudorabies
feral swine
59
Who can Pseudorabies also infect besides pigs?
cattle, sheep, cats, dogs, goats, wildlife, raccoons, opossums, skunks, rodents
60
Pseudorabies is also know as the ___________ disease. For its signs in non-swine animals.
Mad itch
61
Is Pseudorabies reportable?
yes
62
What pigs are most susceptible to Pseudorabies?
piglets bron to naive glit/sow
63
Swine neonate Pseudorabies signs:
death with or without signs
64
Nursing pigs Pseudorabies signs:
CNS signs, foaming mouth, seizures, tremors, fever, vomiting
65
Older pigs Pseudorabies signs:
respiratory signs +/- CNS signs and reproductive failure out recover and become carriers
66
Lesions of Pseudorabies
meningoencephalitis, rhinitis, and placentitis
67
What does mad itch cause?
meningoencephalitis, ataxia, circling, aggression, seizures, recumbency, intent itching
68
Is Pseudorabies fatal?
100% fatal most die before antibodies develop 2-3 days
69
Diagnosis of Pseudorabies
virus isolation or PCR on nervous tissue
70
How is Pseudorabies transmitted?
infected respiratory secretions and aborted fetuses by direct contact contamination of feed and water and aerosol
71
Diagnosis of Pseudorabies
virus isolation, brain, lung, nasal swabs, serologic test
72
Control of Pseudorabies
vaccine available, avoid contact with swine
73
TSE
transmissible spongiform encephalopahty
74
Prion
proteinaceous infectious particle, self replicating that lacks nucleic acid
75
What do prions do?
misfiling and accumulation of prion affected protein in nervous tissue
76
How are prions in environment?
highly resistant in environment but be burned
77
Examples of Prion diseases
scrapie, BSE, CWD
78
Scrapie
neurodegenerative disease in sheep
79
What type of sheep is more at risk for Scrapie?
blacked faced breeds and younger individuals
80
Signs of Scrapie
wasting, itchiness, behavioral changes, gait abnormalities, blindness, inability to swallow, changes in vocalization
81
Transmission of Scrapie
not fully understood, thought to come from ingestion of infected placenta or allantoic fluids by flock mates and new born lambs
82
Diagnosis of Scrapie
demonstration of PrP^sc on biopsy of lymph tissue (3rd eyelid most common) or in CNS from necropsy
83
Treatment of Scrapie
none cull them
84
Reportable? Scrapie
yes
85
Prevention of Scrapie
good biosecurity and selective breeding for more resistant animals
86
Mad Cow disease
cattle prion disease caused from eating infected meat and bone meal
87
Classical BSE
primarily food born exposure to prion via meat or bone meal
88
Incubation period for BSE
2-8 years
89
Atypical BSE
occurs spontaneously
90
Zoonotic BSE
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
91
Signs of BSE
increased sensory sensitivity, agitation, ataxia, reluctance to be milked, aggression and tremors
92
How long does BSE progress?
3 months after onset is normally when it is terminal
93
Treatment for BSE
none and no vaccine
94
Control of BSE
banning feeding of cattle sources of protein to cattle
95
Is BSE reportable?
yes
96
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
disease of captive and free range deer, elk, and moose that causes progressive fatal neurodegenerative disease in adult animals
97
Is CWD reportable?
yes
98
Signs of CWD
similars to scrapie and BSE
99
Transmission of CWD
horizontal and vertical
100
Zoonotic CWD
none seen but be cautious we aren't too sure
101
