Digestive System ALL Flashcards
1
Q
What type of bacteria is salmonella?
A
gram negative rod shaped bacteria
2
Q
Classifications of salmonella
A
- non-motile serotypes
- motile paratyphoid serotypes
3
Q
Reportable types of salmonella in New Hampshire
A
- S. pullorum
- S. typhimurium
- S. enteritidis
4
Q
What salmonella strain was the national poultry improvement plan originally started to test and control for?
A
S. pullorum
5
Q
Two non-motile salmonella serotypes:
A
- S. pullorum (pullorum disease)
- S. gallinarum (fowl typhoid)
6
Q
What animals are the hosts of Non-motile salmonella adapted to?
A
chickens and turkeys
7
Q
Can Non-motile salmonella affect mammals?
A
yes, but it is very rare
8
Q
Has pullorum disease been eradicated?
A
in almost all US commercial flocks
9
Q
How does S. pullorum get transmitted?
A
- Vertically (trans ovarian)
- horizontally (direct and indirect contact)
10
Q
S. pullorum has a very high mortality in birds of what age?
A
up to 3 weeks old
11
Q
Signs of S. pullorum
A
-huddling near heat source, anorexia, weakness, diarrhea, dehydration
-lesions in younger birds, unabsorbed egg sac, abscesses in organs, necrotic tissue, enlarged spleen, septic arthritis
12
Q
If the bird survives S. pullorum then they can become __________.
A
carriers
13
Q
How to diagnose S. pullorum?
A
- culturing and serotyping (determining bacteria strain) in younger birds
- serum agglutination testing (whole blood antibody test) in older birds
14
Q
Is there treatment for S. pullorum?
A
not really
15
Q
What are the control protocols for S. pullorum?
A
- screening tests
- culling infected birds
- purchasing birds only from NPIP farms
- biosecurity
16
Q
Transmission for S. gallinarum
A
vertical and horizontal
17
Q
Signs of S. gallinarum
A
pale, dehydrated, greenish diarrhea
18
Q
What is more common in 50% of the flock, S. pullorum or S. gallinarum?
A
S. gallinarum
19
Q
Lesions of S. gallinarum
A
enlarged, bile stained liver with areas of necrosis, enlarged kidneys and spleen, anemia, inflammation with necrosis of intestines
20
Q
Diagnosis and control for S. gallinarum
A
similar to S. pullorum
21
Q
How many non-host adapted species can be infected with motile paratyphoid salmonella?
A
> 2500
22
Q
Does motile paratyphoid salmonella affect vertebrates?
A
yes many
23
Q
What types of motile paratyphoid salmonella are common in poultry?
A
S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. heidelberg
24
Q
Most common transmission for motile paratyphoid salmonella:
A
fecal-oral with direct or indirect contact
25
What two motile paratyphoid salmonella have vertical transmission?
S. enteritidis and S. arizonae
26
If motile paratyphoid salmonella occurs when is it normally seen in birds?
<1 month old with signs of lesions like pullorum
27
Effects of motile paratyphoid salmonella:
abscesses inside eye and within brain, blindness, neurological signs
28
Are poultry carriers for motile paratyphoid salmonella?
yes
29
What can antibiotics do for motile paratyphoid salmonella?
can limit bird mortality but can't eliminate flock infection
30
Can we vaccinate for motile paratyphoid salmonella?
technically but doesn't provide complete protection
31
What is recommended to control motile paratyphoid salmonella?
testing and culling
32
Weaning Stressors
1. maternal separation
2. fighting and establishing social hierarchy
3. increased exposure to the pathogen
4. transportation stress
5. change in environment
6. abrupt diet change
33
Osmotic diarrhea mechanism
additional water is pulled into GIT, if excessive amounts of solute are retained in the lumen water will not be absorbed
34
Inflammatory diarrhea mechanism
water and nutrients cannot pass through the inflamed intestinal wall
35
Motility diarrhea mechanism
contents move too quickly for normal water absorption to occur
36
Secretory diarrhea mechanism
epithelial lining actively secretes more water than they reabsorb
37
Most diarrhea involves what mechanism?
usually multiple
38
Salmonella most common in swine
1. S. choleraesius
2. S. typhimurium
39
Other possible salmonella in pigs
1. S. Heidelberg
2. S. enteritidis
3. S. typhisius
4. S. agona
40
Reportable salmonella serotypes in NH
S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium
41
Is pork a major source of food borne salmonella?
no
42
What age is salmonella most common in for pigs?
weaned and growing pigs
43
Most common intestinal form of salmonella:
S. typhimurium
44
Characteristics of intestinal salmonellosis
1. high morbidity and moderate mortality
2. watery diarrhea and can contain blood or mucous
3. inflammation and necrosis of large and small intestine
4. chronic cases can stunt growth
45
Septicemic form of salmonella:
S. choleraesuis
46
Characteristics of Septicemic salmonellosis
1. low morbidity, high case fatality
2. red/purple skin lesions, depression, anorexia, fever
3. fluid in lungs, enlarged spleen and liver, +/- liver necrosis
47
How is salmonella transmitted?
fecal-oral direct or indirect
48
What animals can carry salmonella?
rodents and wild birds
49
Diagnosis of salmonella:
culture from lesions, identify serotype
50
Treatment of salmonella:
antibiotics may reduce severity, reduction in carrier status has not been confirmed
51
Control of salmonella:
1. acquire new stock only from producers with no recent history of salmonella
2. quarantine new additions
3. minimize stress and improve environment
4. reduce contact with carriers
5. vaccinate
52
Colibacillosis
escherichia coli
53
What type of bacteria is e.coli?
gram negative rods
54
In what environment does e.coli survive in?
warm wet environments
55
Enterotoxigenic
bacteria produces toxins while in intestines, e.coli does this, can cause severe diarrhea
56
What age is e.coli most common in?
1 day old to 2-4 weeks post weaning
57
Signs of e.coli
watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, death, intestines that are filled with watery fluid and gas
58
How is e.coli transmitted?
fecal-oral direct or indirect
59
How to diagnose e.coli?
culture of uniform population of e.coli from small intestine and use PCR to identify toxin genes in isolated strain
60
Control of e.coli
1. improve sanitation and husbandry
2. breeding females acclimated to endemic strains
3. vaccines prior to breeding to develop immunity
4. treatment of sick litters with antibiotics
61
Diarrhea
condition that involves frequent passing of loose or watery stools
62
Dysentery
intestinal inflammation especially in colon that can lead to severe diarrhea with mucus or blood in feces
63
Swine Dysentery
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
64
What type of bacteria is Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?
gram-negative anaerobic spirochete bacteria
65
What environment does Brachyspira hyodysenteriae survive in?
moist environments for months
66
Increased incidents of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae are normally where?
at organic operations
67
What age does Brachyspira hyodysenteriae affect?
pigs post-weaning to adults, they can be carriers
68
Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae causes this; it is diarrhea with fresh mucus and blood causes dehydration and anorexia
69
Signs of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
severe inflammation, edema, necrosis, and thickening of large intestine with no lesions in small intestine
70
Transmission of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae:
fecal-oral by direct or indirect
71
Diagnosis of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
culture or PCR from intestinal mucosa or feces
72
Prevention of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
-purchase only from dysentery free herds
-use quarantine or all in/all out system
73
Control of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
1. early weaning of piglets with transfer to clean site --> market/depopulate infected herd
2. sanitize facility
3. antimicrobial treatment
74
Proliferative Enteritis
Lawsonia intracellularis
75
What type of bacteria is Lawsonia intracellularis?
gram-negative rod
76
What does Lawsonia intracellularis do?
infects and stunts maturation of enterocytes
77
What age does Lawsonia intracellularis normally occur?
post-weaned to adult pigs
78
Acute form of Lawsonia intracellularis
hemorrhagic diarrhea, weakness, pallor, death
79
Chronic form of Lawsonia intracellularis
diarrhea and wasting/stunted growth
80
Are subclinical carriers likely in Lawsonia intracellularis?
yes very
81
Lesions of Lawsonia intracellularis
thickening of intestinal lining with no proliferation of immature mucous cells
82
Transmission of Lawsonia intracellularis
fecal-oral direct or indirect
83
Diagnosis of Lawsonia intracellularis
demonstration of bacteria within lesions with culture or PCR
84
What can affect Lawsonia intracellularis outbreaks?
stress
85
Treatment of Lawsonia intracellularis
antibiotics
86
control for Lawsonia intracellularis
vaccines
87
(TGE) Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis
corona virus that only occurs in swine
88
What environment does Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis live in?
cold environments
89
Are all age groups susceptible to Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis?
yes
90
Acute form of Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis
1. vomiting profuse diarrhea, dehydration, marked thirst
2. very high mortality in piglets
3. survivors excrete virus up to 18 months
91
Chronic form of Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis
1. seen in herds with partial immunity
2. similar signs but much less severe with reduced mortality
92
Lesions of Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis
distention of small intestine with foamy fluid and undigested milk
93
Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis can cause ____________.
villous atrophy
94
Transmission of Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis
feces and milk ,direct and indirect
95
Diagnosis of Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis
PCR on feces or special stains of intestines
96
Support care for Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis
none
97
Control of Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis
strict biosecurity, all in/out, vaccination of sows/gilts, natural exposure of all breeding stock to virus in advance of farrowing
98
Porcine Rotavirus virus type
non-enveloped RNA virus
99
What type of Porcine Rotavirus is most common?
Type A
100
Are all swine facilities most likely affected with Porcine Rotavirus?
yes
101
Signs seen of Porcine Rotavirus in what age of pigs?
1-6 week old
102
Are adults carriers of Porcine Rotavirus ?
yes
103
Signs of Porcine Rotavirus
1. high morbidity, high mortality
2.pasty white to yellow diarrhea occasional vomiting
104
Lesions of Porcine Rotavirus
inflammation of intestines with destruction/atrophy of villi
105
Transmission of Porcine Rotavirus
fecal-oral direct or indirect
106
Diagnosis of Porcine Rotavirus
identifying virus in feces PCR/antigen testing or in small intestine with special stains
107
Does supportive care work for Porcine Rotavirus ?
yes
108
Control of Porcine Rotavirus
1. good husbandry and sanitation
2. vaccinate gilts and sows
