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Animal Diseases > Evaluating Individuals and Groups for Disease > Flashcards

Evaluating Individuals and Groups for Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What do we want to know about the history of animals?

A
  1. signalment
  2. use
  3. affected animal
  4. open or closed group
  5. recent culls from the group
    6.breeding practices
  6. reproductive history
  7. medical history
  8. records
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2
Q

signalment

A

-age
-species
-breed
-sex

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3
Q

Affected animals

A

-source of animal
-when did you get the animal
-travel history of animal

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4
Q

What do we want to know about breeding practices?

A
  1. source of seme
  2. hormone manipulations
  3. selection criteria for breeders
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5
Q

What do we want to know about repro history?

A

-intervals between parturition and next conception
-mean number of breedings per conception
-% live births/hatches vs # of females bred
-% still borns

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6
Q

What should we know about the medical and surgical history?

A

-preventative medications (vaccines/dewormers)
-surgeries
-previous illnesses
-other meds/supplements

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7
Q

What do we want to know about history of the disease in that location?

A
  1. time course of disease on the property and in currently affected animals
  2. where are affected animals housed
  3. signs
  4. were treatments given?
  5. any management changes to control disease
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8
Q

What do we want to know about the disease?

A
  1. population morbidity rate
  2. population mortality rate
  3. case fatality rate
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9
Q

population morbidity rate

A

% of all exposed animals that have developed signs of disease

with signs of disease/population

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10
Q

population mortality rate

A

% of all exposed animals that died
# deaths/total population

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11
Q

case fatality rate

A

% of all animals that develop signs die

new deaths/# of patients with disease

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12
Q

Endemic/Enzootic

A

disease that regularly occurs in a particular area/group of animals

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13
Q

Epidemic/Epizootic

A

rapid spread of disease to a relatively large portion of a given population, typically within a short period of time

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14
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic that spreads worldwide

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15
Q

How do we evaluate environment and care?

A
  1. housing
  2. stocking density
  3. animal comfort measures
  4. proximity to other farms, prevailing winds
  5. exposure to wildlife
  6. hygiene practices
  7. nutrition
  8. hadingling
  9. biosecurity protocols
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16
Q

What should we know about housing?

A

-enclosure design
-ventilation
-temp
-humidity
-lighting
-drainage
-flooring

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17
Q

What should we know about their nutrition?

A

-what food is offered and what is eaten
-how is food offered
-recent changes in feeding
-source of diet
-water sources

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18
Q

How do we evaluate animals?

A
  1. physical
  2. diagnostic testing
  3. response to treatment
19
Q

What does a physical examination include?

A
  1. observation from a distance
  2. mentation/consciousness
  3. observation of behavior
  4. inspection of feces
  5. body condition
  6. system evaluation
20
Q

What behavior do we look at?

A
  1. eating/drinking
  2. urinating/defication
  3. ambulation and body posture
  4. interactions with environment
21
Q

When do we do diagnostic testing?

A
  1. on sick individuals
  2. pool samples from a group of animals
  3. sample from animals not showing signs to establish baseline for group
22
Q

Types of diagnostic samples for animals:

A
  1. blood
  2. feces
  3. urine
  4. saliva
  5. hair
  6. discharge
  7. tissue (biopsy)
  8. full necropsy
23
Q

What diagnostic testing can we do for the environment?

A
  1. feed/water samples
  2. swabs
24
Q

What are some tests for infectious diseases?

A
  1. cytology
  2. isolation or culture
  3. molecular testing
  4. serology
25
Q

cytology

A

-sample of cells often stained to highlight different organisms evaluated microscopically

26
Q

What organism do we look for during cytology?

A

bacteria, fungi, parasites

27
Q

Isolation/Culture

A

-growing the organism from a biological sample

28
Q

What organism do we look for during isolation/culture?

A

bacteria, fungi, virus

29
Q

Molecular testing

A

PCR and antigen testing

30
Q

What organism do we look for during molecular testing?

A

bacteria, fungi, virus

31
Q

Serology

A

-analysis of serum for antibiodies

32
Q

What organism do we look for during serology?

A

viruses, bacteria, fungi

33
Q

serum

A

liquid component of blood that separates from a clot

34
Q

Support care includes:

A
  1. low stress environment
  2. easy access to food and water
  3. keep animals clean, dry, and comfortable
  4. supplemental heat
  5. fluid support
35
Q

Treatments of disease

A
  1. medical
  2. surgical
36
Q

Medical treatments

A

-antimicrobials
-analgesia

37
Q

antimicrobials

A

-antibiotics
-antifungals
-antiparasitics
-antivirals

38
Q

analgesia

A

anti inflammatory/pain relief

39
Q

What to consider when thinking about medicating:

A
  1. route of administratin
  2. over the counter meds
  3. prescription
40
Q

Name some routes of administration for medications

A
  1. oral
  2. injectable
  3. topical/transdermal
  4. aerosols/inhalation
41
Q

What to consider when thinking about route of admin?

A

-number of animals
-available formulations
-ease of admin
-cost

42
Q

What does a vet need to prescribe someone a medication?

A

VCPR (veterinary client patient relationship)

43
Q

Labeled use

A

species, class of animal, route, dose, indication limitations, withdraw time

44
Q

Extra label use

A

food animal residue avoidance database

Animal Diseases (12 decks)

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