Digestive System Disorders: Structural and Metabolic Flashcards
1
Q
Dentition
A
teeth
2
Q
Do birds have teeth?
A
no
3
Q
What kind of teeth do swine have?
A
closed rooted teeth, much like people
4
Q
What kind of teeth do ruminants, horses, and camelids have?
A
teeth that continue to erupt throughout life
5
Q
What does worn down teeth and lose teeth with age cause?
A
-harder to chew food
-worsening body condition
6
Q
Growth rate of tusks depends on:
A
-sex more in males than females
-reproductive status if they are intact or neutered
7
Q
Pulp cavity
A
inside part of tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves
8
Q
What are fighting teeth?
A
found in camelids they are like tusks in pigs
9
Q
What is dental malocclusion?
A
teeth do not align properly could be congenital or develop secondary
10
Q
Radiographs
A
x-rays
11
Q
Endoscopy
A
camera that goes down the nasal cavity or mouth
12
Q
How to diagnose dental malocclusion?
A
with radiographs or endoscopy
13
Q
How to fix dental malocclusion?
A
trim incisors with cutting tools while file cheek teeth in sedated animal, it will never be fully fixed maintenance is required
14
Q
Tooth root abscess
A
tissue swelling that occurs in response to infection, accumulation of WBCs
15
Q
Where does tooth root abscess begin?
A
in periodontal space around the tooth and extends into surrounding bone
16
Q
Tooth root abscess can occur in what teeth?
A
maxillary and mandibular
17
Q
Signs of tooth root abscess:
A
firm facial swelling, pus, halitosis, oral pain
18
Q
Halitosis
A
bad breath
19
Q
How to diagnose tooth root abscess?
A
radiographs and bacterial culture
20
Q
How is tooth root abscess treated?
A
with antibiotic therapy and possible surgery
21
Q
Scientific name for Lumpy Jaw:
A
actinomyces spp.
22
Q
What type of bacteria is actinomyces spp.?
A
gram positive anaerobic rod bacteria
23
Q
How does lumpy jaw normally happen?
A
when penetrating foreign bodies introduce bacteria into oral tissues, then an abscess forms, and surrounding bone becomes infected and destroyed over time
24
Q
What can lumpy jaw cause in cows?
A
abscesses in lungs
25
What can lumpy jaw cause in horses?
under the skin abscesses
26
Inflammation in the jaw from secondary to low blood protein is:
bottle jaw
27
Choke
foreign object or food item gets stuck in esophagus
28
Choke is most common in what kinds of animals?
animals that are weak or ravenously hungry
29
Signs of choke:
1. drooling
2. reflux fluid from nostrils
3. coughing/retching
4. hanging head or extending neck
5. visible fluid/bolus distention
30
Choke may resemble what?
rabies
31
How to diagnose choke?
with radiographs or ultrasounds or endoscopy
32
What is a common complication of choke?
aspiration pneumonia
33
aspiration pneumonia
when food or water gets into the airways
34
Treatment of choke
-withhold food it may resolve itself
-retrieve or try and push material along via a nasogastric tube
35
Crop in birds
a dilation of the esophagus at the thoracic inlet
36
Function of the crop
food storage
37
Possible causes of crop distention:
1. recent meal
2. impaction of food or foreign material
3. neurological disfunction
4. bacterial/fungal overgrowth "SOUR CROP"
5. idiopathic (genetic?)
38
Diagnosis of crop distention:
1. sample material from crop
2. radiographs/ultrasounds
3. heavy metal testing
39
Candida albicans
an opportunistic fungus that colonizes oral cavity causes white plagues and nodules
40
treatment of crop distention
1. removal of contents via lavage or surgery
2. supportive bandaging
3. treat underlying cause
41
Esophageal Ulcers
erosion of tissue lining esophagus typically caused by ingestion of chemical irritants
42
Do animals still eat with esophageal ulcers?
yes and immediately retch up cud or have serve challenging with eating
43
How to diagnose esophageal ulcers?
based on signs and history
44
How to treat esophageal ulcers?
with medications that coat the esophagus
45
Something we need to worry about with esophageal ulcers?
narrowing of the esophagus from scar tissue
46
Simple mono gastric
single stomachs pigs, dogs, humans
47
Monogastric with hindgut fermentation
horses and rabbits
48
Multicompartment stomach with foregut fermentation
ruminants and camelids
49
Gastric ulcers
erosion of stomach lining
50
What animals are Gastric ulcers common in?
pigs and horses
51
What can cause gastric ulcers in pigs?
1. rapidly growing animals
2. stressful situations like transport, heat stress, mixing unfamiliar animals
52
Does Gastric ulcers occur more in young or older horses?
older
53
How can a horse get Gastric ulcers?
many risk factors, most related to stress, early weaning, confinement, etc.
54
Signs of Gastric ulcers in foals
more obvious; intermittent colic, dorsal recumbency, intermittent nursing, diarrhea, poor appetite, bruxism, and ptyalism
55
Bruxism
grinding of teeth
56
Ptyalism
excessive saliva
57
dorsal recumbency
lying on ones back
58
Lesions of gastric ulcers
vary in depth and surface area and could cause chronic pain and mild bleeding
59
Melena
digested blood in feces
60
How to see an ulcer?
endoscopy or ultrasound
61
How to treat gastric ulcers?
with a gastroprotection and environmental management
62
Four chambers of a ruminant stomach
rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
63
Rumen distension
accumulation of free gas or froth
64
Free gas bloat
caused by failure to belch or burp and is typically secondary to choking or disease that impairs rumen contractions
65
Frothy bloat
caused by diets high in legumes, alfalfa, or cereal grain gas is stabilized in foam
66
Signs of rumen bloat
enlargement of the abdomen particularly on the side where the rumen is located
67
Treatment of rumen bloat
1. decompression (relieve distention by passing an orogastric tube, trochar, or surgery)
2. chemically resolving froth (antifoaming agents)
3.restoration of normal rumen metabolism
68
How to prevent rumen bloat?
limiting access to offending feedstuffs, introducing new feed slowly, adding medications to diet to reduce gas production
69
Camelid stomach
3 chambered stomach C1 2 and 3 fermentation occurs in C1 and C2
70
Rumen acidosis
rapid fermentation of excessive amounts of highly digestible carbohydrates "grain overload"
71
How does rumen acidosis make the rumen super acidic?
energy source is fermented --> rumen/stomach drops in pH --> lactobacillus spp grow rapidly --> this drops the pH even lower and bacteria die
72
Effects of rumen acidosis
fluid is drawn into rumen from circulation which causes dehydration and lactic acid can build up in the blood and the lining of the stomach becomes damaged and toxins can be taken up into circulation
73
Signs of rumen acidosis
anorexia, weakness, dehydration, colic, abdominal distention and loss of normal contractions, laminitis, CNS signs related to toxemia
74
How to diagnose rumen acidosis?
collect fluid by orogastric/nasogastric tube or rumenicentesis
75
Treatment of rumen acidosis
with fluids containing a buffer, anti-inflammatories, removal of GI contents then transfaunation, vitamin supplements, antibiotic
76
Prevention of rumen acidosis
introducing concentrate feeds slowly adding a buffer agent when feeding high grain ratios
77
Equine digestive tract
monogastric herbivores (hindgut fermentors)
78
Colic
abdominal pain term is often used for horses but can apply to any species
79
Potential causes of colic:
1. gas
2. impaction
3. grain overload
4. torsion
5. entrapment
80
Common signs of colic:
1. pawing with front feet kicking with back feet at flank
2. looking back at flank stretching
3. rolling
4. straining to defecate/decrease in fecal production
5. abdominal distension
6. hyporexia
81
Hyporexia
decreased appetite
82
Diagnosis of colic
made through...
1. examination (GI auscultation, rectal palpation)
2. abdominocentesis
3. passing a nasogastric tube
4. ultrasound
83
Salmonella bacteria type
gram negative rod shaped BACTERIA
84
Non-motile salmonella serotypes
S.pullorum and S.gallinarum
85
Is Pullorum disease reportable?
yes
86
Transmission of non-motile salmonella bacteria:
vertical and horizontal
87
vertical transmission
transovarian/in eggs
88
horizontal tranmission
direct and indirect contact with infected secretions
89
Pullorum disease has a high mortality in birds that are...
up to 3 weeks old
90
Signs of S.Pullorum
huddle near a heat source, anorexia, weakness, diarrhea, dehydration
91
Lesions in young birds from S. pullorum
-unabsorbed yolk sac
-abscesses in multiple organs
-cecal cores
-enlarged spleen
-septic arthritis
92
How do we diagnose S. pullorum?
1. culture and serotype in young
3. antibody test in older birds
93
Is there a treatment for S. pullorum?
no
94
How is S. Pullorum controlled?
1. screening tests
2. culling infected birds
3. purchasing only NPIP birds
4. practicing good biosecurity
95
Transmission of S. gallinarum:
vertical and horizontal
96
Signs and lesions of S. gallinarum for chicks:
similar to S.pullorum
97
Adult signs for S. gallinarum:
-pale, greenish diarrhea, dehydrated
98
Lesions of S. gallinarum for adults:
-enlarged bile stained liver, spleen, kidneys, anemia, inflammation of intestines
99
How do we diagnose and control S. gallinarum?
similar to S. pullorum
100
Who does motile salmonella affect?
mammals and birds
101
How is motile salmonella transmitted?
most common fecal oral with direct or indirect contact (but enteritis and Arizonae have vertical)
102
Signs and lesions of motile salmonella in birds <1 month:
1. similar to pullorum
2. can include: abscesses inside eye and within brain, resulting in blindness, neurological signs
103
Can we control motile salmonella?
vaccines exist but aren't too effective, test and cull, NPIP birds
104
Name specific control measures for paratyphoid control:
1. strict hatchery sanitation
2. cleaning and disinfection of housing between flocks
3. good egg and carcass handling practices
4. exclude wildlife
105
Weaning stressors:
1. maternal separation
2. social hierarchy
3. increased exposure to pathogens
4. change in environment
5. abrupt diet change
6. transportation stress
106
Osmotic diarrhea
additional date his pulled into GIT if excessive amounts of solutes are retained and water isn't absorbed
107
Inflammatory diarrhea
wate rna nutrients cannot pass through the inflamed intestinal wall
108
Motility diarrhea
contents move too quickly for normal water absorption to occur
109
Secretory diarrhea
epithelial lining actively secretes more water than they reabsorb
110
Two most common salmonellosis in pigs:
1. S. typhimurium
2. S. cholearsius
111
The intestinal form of salmonellosis
S. typhimurium
112
Septicemic form of salmonellosis
S. cholearsius
113
Signs of S. typhimurium
watery, bloody, mucous diarrhea
114
Lesions of S. typhimurium
inflammation of large and small intestine, chronic cases may have button ulcers and stunted growth
115
Signs and lesions of S. cholearsius
red/purple skin lesions, depression, anorexia, fever, fluid in lungs, enlarged spleen and liver
116
Salmonellosis transmission:
direct or indirect fecal oral
117
Diagnosis of Salmonellosis
culture of lesions, ID serotype
118
Treatment of Salmonellosis
antibiotics may reduce severity
119
Control of Salmonellosis
1. buy from salmonella free farms
2. quarantine new
3. minimize stress and improve environment
4. reduce contact with carriers
5. vaccines
120
Colibacillosis
e.coli
121
Does e.coli produce toxins?
yes
122
E.coli is common in what aged pigs?
1 day olds to 2-4 weeks post weaned
123
Signs of E.coli
watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, death
124
Lesions of e.coli
watery fluid and gas in intestines
125
Transmission of e.coli
fecal oral
126
Diagnosis of e.coli
culture of small intestine, and PCR to ID toxins
127
Control of E.coli
1. improve husbandry and sanitation
2. breed females with immunity
3. vaccinate
128
Treatment of e.coli
sick litters with antibiotic
129
Diarrhea
condition that involves frequent passing of loose or watery stool
130
Dysentery
intestinal inflammation, especially in the colon, that can lead to severe diarrhea with mucus or blood
131
Swine dysentery is also called....
brachyspira hyosenteriae
132
brachyspira hyosenteriae
gram-negative anaerobic spirochete bacteria
133
What age does swine dysentery affect?
post weaned to adults
134
Signs of swine dysentery
mucohemorrhagic diarrhea, dehydration, anorexia
135
Lesions of swine dysentery
inflammation, edema, necrosis, and THICKENING of large intestine
136
Transmission with swine dysentery
fecal-oral
137
Diagnose swine dysentery
culture or PCR from mucosa or feces
138
How do you prevent swine dysentery?
purchase from dysentery free herds use quarantine and all/in all/out
139
Control of swine dysentery
early weaning of piglets and transfer to clean area, sanitation
140
Treatment of swine dysentery
antimicrobials
141
Proliferative enteritis
gram negative rod
142
Acute form of Proliferative enteritis
hemorrhagic diarrhea, weakness, pallor, death
143
Chronic form of Proliferative enteritis
diarrhea and wasting/stunted growth
144
Lesions of Proliferative enteritis
thickening of intestinal walls with proliferation of immature mucosal cells
145
transmission of Proliferative enteritis
fecal oral
146
Diagnosis of Proliferative enteritis
culture or PCR
147
What can Proliferative enteritis be treated with?
antibiotics
148
Control of Proliferative enteritis
reduce stress, vaccination, general biosecurity
149
TGE
pig corona virus
150
What age group does TGE affect?
all age groups
151
Acute form of TGE:
vomiting, profuse diarrhea, dehydration, marked thirst
152
Chronic form of TGE:
similar signs but less severe
153
Diagnosis of TGE
PCR on feces, special stains of intestines
154
Lesions of TGE
distention of small intestine with foamy fluid and undigested milk causes villi atrophy
155
Do piglets respond to supportive care for TGE?
no
156
Control of TGE
1. strict biosecurity
2. vaccination
157
Porcine Rotavirus
non-enveloped RNA virus, type A
158
Signs are seen in what age for Porcine Rotavirus
1-6 weeks old
159
Signs of Porcine Rotavirus
pasty white to yellow diarrhea, vomiting
160
Lesions of Porcine Rotavirus
inflammation with destruction/atrophu of villi
161
Transmissions of Porcine Rotavirus
fecal oral
162
Diagnosis of Porcine Rotavirus
PCR, antigen testing, or small intestine with special stains
163
Treatment for Porcine Rotavirus
supportive care
164
control of Porcine Rotavirus
1. good husbandry
2. vaccinate
165
Clostridium
anaerobic, spore forming, rod shaped, gram + bacteria
166
Transmission of clostridium
direct and indirect
167
vaccine for toxin is
toxoid
168
Treatment for clostridium
antibiotics if possible, anti-inflammatories, fluids
169
Toxemia in digestive system
enterotoxemias
170
Toxemia in devitalized tissue
tetnus
171
Toxemia in food or carrion that is ingested
botulism
172
What does C. perfringens type B and C affect?
lambs, calves piglets foals and adults
173
Signs of C. perfringens type B and C in calves:
dysentery, colic, star gazing
174
Sign of C. perfringens type B and C in lambs:
sudden death, anorexic, lethargic, dysentery
175
Signs of C. perfringens type B and C in foals:
dysentery
176
Lesions in C. perfringens type B and C
hemorrhagic enteritis with ulceration of mucosal lining
177
Diagnosis of C. perfringens type B and C
cytology of fresh intestinal contents for biochemical assays to detect toxin type
178
Treatment for C. perfringens type B and C
specific hyperimmune serum antitoxin and antibiotics
179
C. perfringens type B and C is best controlled by...
vaccines
180
Pulpy kidney disease
C. perfringens type D
181
C. perfringens type D is most common in
sheep (goats and cattle rarely)
182
C. perfringens type D is caused by...
ingestion of high energy foods with concurrent GI disease or stress that reduces stomach movements
183
Lesions of C. perfringens type D
exotoxin causes vascular damage which causes edema
184
Common in what aged sheep for C. perfringens type D?
2-3 weeks
185
Signs of C. perfringens type D
-die suddenly
-develop fever, colic, diarrhea, seizures, ataxia, star gazing, respiratory distress
186
Diganosis of C. perfringens type D
cytology ad bioassay
187
Control of C. perfringens type D
vaccination and reduce amount of concentrate in diet
188
Transmission of Scours
fecal oral, but corona virus could be from respiratory secretions
189
Major signs of scours:
diarrhea, dehydration, weakness, death, within few days
190
Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
causes diarrhea in calves during first week of life
191
How does Enterotoxigenic E. Coli cause diarrhea?
colonize villi of small intestine and bacterial exotoxin produces a non inflammatory secretory diarrhea
192
Rotavirus
most common causes of diarrhea in calves and lambs
193
Coronavirus
replicates in upper respiratory tract epithelium and enterocytes
194
Cryptosporidium parvum
protozoa
195
Cryptosporidium parvum transmission
fecal oral
196
Is Cryptosporidium parvum zoonotic?
yes
197
Signs of Cryptosporidium parvum
profuse diarrhea, colic, weakness and weight loss
198
Is there a treatment for Cryptosporidium parvum?
no
199
Non-infectious causes of scours...
1. oral antibiotics
2. overuse and high doses of antibiotics
3. ruminal drinking
4. bad milk replacers
200
Diagnosis for scours
PCR, culture, parasite float
201
General scours treatment:
1. fluid therapy
2. nutritional support
3. antimicrobials
4. NSAIDS
202
Prevention and control of scours
1. vaccinate for e.coli, rota, corona, and C. perfringens
2. good nutrition
3. reduce exposure
