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Animal Diseases > Preventative Care and The Immune Response > Flashcards

Preventative Care and The Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

Preventative medical care

A
  1. regular physical evaluation
  2. parasite management
  3. support immunity
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2
Q

How do we have parasite management?

A

-control them in the environment
-antiparasitic medications (topical, additives, etc.)

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3
Q

We can support immunity by…

A

-create resistance to disease
-innate and adaptive immune system

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4
Q

What is the immune system mainly composed of?

A

lymphatic system and lymphoid organs
-thymus
-spleen
-bone marrow
-salivary glands
-respiratory tract
-mammary glands
-intestine
-urogential system
-lymph nodes

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5
Q

Lymphatic system

A

all lymph vessels follow the pattern of the main veins eventually discharging into a venous vessel the thoracic duct

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6
Q

What do birds have in their immune system since they dont have organized lymph nodes?

A

bursa of fabricius

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7
Q

Bursa of Fabricius

A

B cell production in early life smaller in adult birds right above their common exit point (cloaca)

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8
Q

What part of the immune system has a response that is rapid and the same whether pathogen has bene previously encountered or not?

A

innate immunity

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9
Q

What is the innate immune system highly effective against?

A

opportunistic organism and those of low virulence

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10
Q

What is the innate immune system comprised of?

A

external barriers and internal defenses

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11
Q

What are the external barriers of the innate immune system?

A
  1. intact body coverings (skin and mucous membranes)
  2. pH along body surface
  3. mucus secreted along tract linings
  4. coughing and sneezing (in response to irritants
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12
Q

What is normal microflora?

A

prevents colonization of intestines and skin by pathogens through competition

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13
Q

How does normal microflora help the immune system?

A

Constantly stimulates it:
1. for development of adaptive immune system
2. regulation of level of inflammation induced by innate immune system

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14
Q

What disrupts normal microflora?

A

improper use of antibiotics and poor sanitation

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15
Q

What does respiratory tract cilia do?

A

helps remove pathogens and debris

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16
Q

What does an effective innate immune response do?

A

prompt recognition of pathogen invasion and has a rapid cellular response

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17
Q

Acute inflammation

A

ensures that WBCs are delivered as fast as possible to sites of pathogen invasion

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18
Q

What does the innate immune system start with?

A

early detection of invading organism or damaged tissue

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19
Q

What triggers WBCs to leave blood vessels and migrate to pathogen invasion site?

A

cytokines

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20
Q

Neutrophils

A

-type of WBC
-bind invading bacteria ingest them through phagocytosis and kill ingested organisms

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21
Q

Macrophages

A

-type of WBC
-Remove cell debris, eliminate any surviving microbes and dying neutrophils and repairs tissue damage

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22
Q

What happens when molecules produced by inflammation/tissue damage reach the blood stream?

A

it circulates to the brain and triggers sickness behavior that enhances the body defense by redirecting it to fight off invaders

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23
Q

Sickness behavior

A

-fever
-anorexia
-lethargy
-uses energy from fat and muscle stores

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24
Q

Antimicrobial peptides include:

A

defenses, lysozymes, and haptoglobin

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25
Q

What do antimicrobial peptides do?

A

bind and kill invading bacteria

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26
Q

Defensins

A

detergent like molecule that can destroy bacterial cell walls

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27
Q

Lysozyme

A

enzyme that kills many gram positive bacteria

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28
Q

Haptoglobin

A

iron binding protein that prevents bacterial growth by depriving them of essential iron supplies

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29
Q

Complement system

A
  • a group of 30 proteins provided by the liver that act collectively to kill invading microbes
    -Coat them to signal for destruction by WBCs
    -activated by the presence of bacterial surfaces or when antibodies bind to microbial surfaces
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30
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

-acts automatically in response to microbial invasion
-generates response proportional to threat
-lags behind innate immune system but gets better with time

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31
Q

Two major responses of the immune system:

A
  1. antibody (humoral) immunity against extracellular invaders
  2. cell mediated immunity against intracellular invaders
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32
Q

Both adaptive immune responses start with:

A

capture and processing of antigens

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33
Q

antigens

A

foreign particles that induce a immune response

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34
Q

What are antigens recognized by?

A

lymphocytes which carry receptors for specific antigens

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35
Q

Receptors in lymphocytes are ______________ specific and each only express a ____________ form of antigen receptor.

A
  1. highly
  2. single
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36
Q

Where are most lymphocytes?

A

within lymphoid organs where they can most effectively encounter antigens on microbial invaders

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37
Q

Two major populations of lymphocytes:

A
  1. B cells
  2. T cells
38
Q

B cells

A

responsible for antibody responses

39
Q

T cells

A

responsible for cell mediated immune responses

40
Q

helper t cells

A

help to activate other cells through cytokine secretion

41
Q

regulatory t cells

A

regulate immune response

42
Q

Antibodies

A

protein molecules that bind to foreign molecules (antigens) and mark them for destruction by phagocytic cells or complement-mediated destruction

43
Q

Two types of b cells

A

plasma and memory b cells

44
Q

plasma cells

A

produce antibodies

45
Q

memory b cells

A

persist in lymphoid tissue when a host encounters an antigen a 2cd time cells respond more rapidly and produce more plasma cells and more memory cells

46
Q

What are antibodies composed of?

A

proteins called immunoglobulins

47
Q

Mammals have what 5 types of immunoglobulins?

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgA
  3. IgM
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
48
Q

IgG

A

main blood antibody of secondary responses

49
Q

IgA

A

secreted into mucus, tears, saliva, colostrum

50
Q

IgM

A

main antibody of the primary response

51
Q

IgE

A

antibody of the allergy and anti parasitic activity

52
Q

IgD

A

B cell receptor

53
Q

What immunity combats intracellular invaders such as viruses and some intracellular bacteria by killing the cells they infect?

A

cell mediated immunity

54
Q

Effector (cytotoxic) T cells

A

bind to target cells expressing antigens and inject them with granzymes that trigger apoptosis

55
Q

granzymes

A

poke holes in cells triggers cell death

56
Q

True or false:
Most effector T cells die within a few days once they are no longer needed

A

true

57
Q

True or false:
Some effector T cells become memory T cells

A

true

58
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

allow body to react quicker to that antigen

59
Q

Natural Passive

A

immunity through the mother either through placenta or colostrum

60
Q

Natural Active

A

when you get sick and actively fight off the antigen and create your own antibodies

61
Q

Artificial Passive

A

antibodies in form of injection like vaccine

62
Q

Artificial Active

A

monoclonal antibodies from blood?

63
Q

Causes of failure of passive transfer

A
  1. Absences of adequate colostrum (from agalactia or mastitis)
  2. maternal death or absence
  3. lack of colostrum bank to supplement
  4. failure to suckle
  5. inability to absorb immunoglobulins
64
Q

Agalactia

A

no milk

65
Q

mastitis

A

inflammation/infection of mammary tissue

66
Q

What can poor IgG status cause?

A

risk factor for neonatal infections and major cause of mortality

67
Q

vaccination

A

boost individual immunity or maternal immunity for adequate antibody production

68
Q

What do vaccines do?

A

-provide immunity
-creates memory

69
Q

What does protective immunity do?

A

may prevent signs but not infection

70
Q

What do vaccine protocols vary by?

A

host species, age class, purpose, relative risk of exposure, vaccine type

71
Q

Attenuated (modified live) vaccine

A

-live virus with less virulence than disease causing pathogen
-generates long term immunity but there is still risk for disease

72
Q

Killed (inactivated) vaccine

A

-virus is killed but retains antigens that can be recognized by host immunity
-cant cause disease but has shorter length of protection and requires co delivery with an adjuvant

73
Q

adjuvant

A

chemical used to boost immune response

74
Q

Toxoid

A

-inactivated toxin that promotes an immune response against a bacterial toxin
-cant cause disease requires an adjuvant

75
Q

Other types of vaccines

A

conjugated, subunit, recombinant, DNA, mRNA, and therapeutic vaccines

76
Q

Creating a vaccine program

A
  1. what vaccines are available?
  2. signalment/history
  3. understanding the pathogen
77
Q

What vaccines are available?

A

-safety/efficacy
-cold chain required?
-route of administration

78
Q

Routes of administration

A

oral, intranasal, intraocular, inhalation, injection (subcue, intramuscular, intradermal)

79
Q

Signalment/history

A

-species/breed/age
-history/previous exposure
-environment and risk of exposure

80
Q

Understanding pathogen

A

-what pathogens/strains exist in your area
-virulence and pathogenicity of agent
-treatment options?
-zoonotic?

81
Q

True or false:
No vaccine is 100% effective

A

true

82
Q

How can a vaccine fail? (many reasons)

A
  1. poor vaccine quality or inappropriate handling
  2. inappropriate matching to strain/serotyoe
  3. ineffective administration
  4. interference from maternal antibodies
  5. immunosuppression in the host
  6. inadequate time to mount a response prior to exposure
  7. overhauling exposure to pathogen
83
Q

What virus is rabies?

A

enveloped RNA virus

84
Q

Central nervous system signs of rabies

A

-incoordination
-excessive chewing
-salivation
-non vocal
-tremors
-anxiety
-hydrophia
-furious form or dumb form

85
Q

Is rabies fatal?

A

yes 100%

86
Q

When do signs develop for rabies?

A

days to months after exposure

87
Q

When does death occur in rabies?

A

2-3 days onset of signs

88
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

saliva=bite

89
Q

What are the wild reservoirs for rabies?

A

bats, skunk, fox, raccoons

90
Q

How to diagnose rabies?

A

must look at brain of deceased animal

91
Q

What animal around the world transmits rabies to humans the most?

A

dog

Animal Diseases (12 decks)

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