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Animal Diseases > Preventative Care and The Immune Response > Flashcards

Preventative Care and The Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

Preventative medical care

A
  1. regular physical evaluation
  2. parasite management
  3. support immunity
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2
Q

How do we have parasite management?

A

-control them in the environment
-antiparasitic medications (topical, additives, etc.)

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3
Q

We can support immunity by…

A

-create resistance to disease
-innate and adaptive immune system

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4
Q

What is the immune system mainly composed of?

A

lymphatic system and lymphoid organs
-thymus
-spleen
-bone marrow
-salivary glands
-respiratory tract
-mammary glands
-intestine
-urogential system
-lymph nodes

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5
Q

Lymphatic system

A

all lymph vessels follow the pattern of the main veins eventually discharging into a venous vessel the thoracic duct

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6
Q

What do birds have in their immune system since they dont have organized lymph nodes?

A

bursa of fabricius

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7
Q

Bursa of Fabricius

A

B cell production in early life smaller in adult birds right above their common exit point (cloaca)

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8
Q

What part of the immune system has a response that is rapid and the same whether pathogen has bene previously encountered or not?

A

innate immunity

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9
Q

What is the innate immune system highly effective against?

A

opportunistic organism and those of low virulence

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10
Q

What is the innate immune system comprised of?

A

external barriers and internal defenses

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11
Q

What are the external barriers of the innate immune system?

A
  1. intact body coverings (skin and mucous membranes)
  2. pH along body surface
  3. mucus secreted along tract linings
  4. coughing and sneezing (in response to irritants
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12
Q

What is normal microflora?

A

prevents colonization of intestines and skin by pathogens through competition

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13
Q

How does normal microflora help the immune system?

A

Constantly stimulates it:
1. for development of adaptive immune system
2. regulation of level of inflammation induced by innate immune system

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14
Q

What disrupts normal microflora?

A

improper use of antibiotics and poor sanitation

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15
Q

What does respiratory tract cilia do?

A

helps remove pathogens and debris

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16
Q

What does an effective innate immune response do?

A

prompt recognition of pathogen invasion and has a rapid cellular response

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17
Q

Acute inflammation

A

ensures that WBCs are delivered as fast as possible to sites of pathogen invasion

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18
Q

What does the innate immune system start with?

A

early detection of invading organism or damaged tissue

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19
Q

What triggers WBCs to leave blood vessels and migrate to pathogen invasion site?

A

cytokines

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20
Q

Neutrophils

A

-type of WBC
-bind invading bacteria ingest them through phagocytosis and kill ingested organisms

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21
Q

Macrophages

A

-type of WBC
-Remove cell debris, eliminate any surviving microbes and dying neutrophils and repairs tissue damage

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22
Q

What happens when molecules produced by inflammation/tissue damage reach the blood stream?

A

it circulates to the brain and triggers sickness behavior that enhances the body defense by redirecting it to fight off invaders

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23
Q

Sickness behavior

A

-fever
-anorexia
-lethargy
-uses energy from fat and muscle stores

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24
Q

Antimicrobial peptides include:

A

defenses, lysozymes, and haptoglobin

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25
What do antimicrobial peptides do?
bind and kill invading bacteria
26
Defensins
detergent like molecule that can destroy bacterial cell walls
27
Lysozyme
enzyme that kills many gram positive bacteria
28
Haptoglobin
iron binding protein that prevents bacterial growth by depriving them of essential iron supplies
29
Complement system
- a group of 30 proteins provided by the liver that act collectively to kill invading microbes -Coat them to signal for destruction by WBCs -activated by the presence of bacterial surfaces or when antibodies bind to microbial surfaces
30
Adaptive immunity
-acts automatically in response to microbial invasion -generates response proportional to threat -lags behind innate immune system but gets better with time
31
Two major responses of the immune system:
1. antibody (humoral) immunity against extracellular invaders 2. cell mediated immunity against intracellular invaders
32
Both adaptive immune responses start with:
capture and processing of antigens
33
antigens
foreign particles that induce a immune response
34
What are antigens recognized by?
lymphocytes which carry receptors for specific antigens
35
Receptors in lymphocytes are ______________ specific and each only express a ____________ form of antigen receptor.
1. highly 2. single
36
Where are most lymphocytes?
within lymphoid organs where they can most effectively encounter antigens on microbial invaders
37
Two major populations of lymphocytes:
1. B cells 2. T cells
38
B cells
responsible for antibody responses
39
T cells
responsible for cell mediated immune responses
40
helper t cells
help to activate other cells through cytokine secretion
41
regulatory t cells
regulate immune response
42
Antibodies
protein molecules that bind to foreign molecules (antigens) and mark them for destruction by phagocytic cells or complement-mediated destruction
43
Two types of b cells
plasma and memory b cells
44
plasma cells
produce antibodies
45
memory b cells
persist in lymphoid tissue when a host encounters an antigen a 2cd time cells respond more rapidly and produce more plasma cells and more memory cells
46
What are antibodies composed of?
proteins called immunoglobulins
47
Mammals have what 5 types of immunoglobulins?
1. IgG 2. IgA 3. IgM 4. IgE 5. IgD
48
IgG
main blood antibody of secondary responses
49
IgA
secreted into mucus, tears, saliva, colostrum
50
IgM
main antibody of the primary response
51
IgE
antibody of the allergy and anti parasitic activity
52
IgD
B cell receptor
53
What immunity combats intracellular invaders such as viruses and some intracellular bacteria by killing the cells they infect?
cell mediated immunity
54
Effector (cytotoxic) T cells
bind to target cells expressing antigens and inject them with granzymes that trigger apoptosis
55
granzymes
poke holes in cells triggers cell death
56
True or false: Most effector T cells die within a few days once they are no longer needed
true
57
True or false: Some effector T cells become memory T cells
true
58
What do memory cells do?
allow body to react quicker to that antigen
59
Natural Passive
immunity through the mother either through placenta or colostrum
60
Natural Active
when you get sick and actively fight off the antigen and create your own antibodies
61
Artificial Passive
antibodies in form of injection like vaccine
62
Artificial Active
monoclonal antibodies from blood?
63
Causes of failure of passive transfer
1. Absences of adequate colostrum (from agalactia or mastitis) 2. maternal death or absence 3. lack of colostrum bank to supplement 4. failure to suckle 5. inability to absorb immunoglobulins
64
Agalactia
no milk
65
mastitis
inflammation/infection of mammary tissue
66
What can poor IgG status cause?
risk factor for neonatal infections and major cause of mortality
67
vaccination
boost individual immunity or maternal immunity for adequate antibody production
68
What do vaccines do?
-provide immunity -creates memory
69
What does protective immunity do?
may prevent signs but not infection
70
What do vaccine protocols vary by?
host species, age class, purpose, relative risk of exposure, vaccine type
71
Attenuated (modified live) vaccine
-live virus with less virulence than disease causing pathogen -generates long term immunity but there is still risk for disease
72
Killed (inactivated) vaccine
-virus is killed but retains antigens that can be recognized by host immunity -cant cause disease but has shorter length of protection and requires co delivery with an adjuvant
73
adjuvant
chemical used to boost immune response
74
Toxoid
-inactivated toxin that promotes an immune response against a bacterial toxin -cant cause disease requires an adjuvant
75
Other types of vaccines
conjugated, subunit, recombinant, DNA, mRNA, and therapeutic vaccines
76
Creating a vaccine program
1. what vaccines are available? 2. signalment/history 3. understanding the pathogen
77
What vaccines are available?
-safety/efficacy -cold chain required? -route of administration
78
Routes of administration
oral, intranasal, intraocular, inhalation, injection (subcue, intramuscular, intradermal)
79
Signalment/history
-species/breed/age -history/previous exposure -environment and risk of exposure
80
Understanding pathogen
-what pathogens/strains exist in your area -virulence and pathogenicity of agent -treatment options? -zoonotic?
81
True or false: No vaccine is 100% effective
true
82
How can a vaccine fail? (many reasons)
1. poor vaccine quality or inappropriate handling 2. inappropriate matching to strain/serotyoe 3. ineffective administration 4. interference from maternal antibodies 5. immunosuppression in the host 6. inadequate time to mount a response prior to exposure 7. overhauling exposure to pathogen
83
What virus is rabies?
enveloped RNA virus
84
Central nervous system signs of rabies
-incoordination -excessive chewing -salivation -non vocal -tremors -anxiety -hydrophia -furious form or dumb form
85
Is rabies fatal?
yes 100%
86
When do signs develop for rabies?
days to months after exposure
87
When does death occur in rabies?
2-3 days onset of signs
88
How is rabies transmitted?
saliva=bite
89
What are the wild reservoirs for rabies?
bats, skunk, fox, raccoons
90
How to diagnose rabies?
must look at brain of deceased animal
91
What animal around the world transmits rabies to humans the most?
dog

Animal Diseases (12 decks)

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