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Animal Diseases > Infectious Disease Transmission and Zoonosis > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Transmission and Zoonosis Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens

A

agents typically living organisms (except viruses and prions) that cause disease

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2
Q

What pathogens are in the larger bacteria classification?

A

rickettsia, mycobacteria, and chlamydia

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3
Q

Are protozoa and parasites in the same pathogen class?

A

no

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4
Q

What is the epidemiological triad?

A

host factors, pathogen factors, environmental factors

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5
Q

What are some host factors contributing to infectious disease development?

A
  1. genetic suspectibility
  2. immune competency
  3. nutritional plane
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6
Q

Immunoincompetent

A

young

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7
Q

Immunosenescene

A

old

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8
Q

What contributes to immune competency?

A

-age
-stress
-co infection
-vaccination status

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9
Q

What’s under the nutritional plane?

A

emaciated, anemic, specific nutrient deficient, etc.

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10
Q

What are some pathogen factors contributing to infectious disease?

A
  1. Pathogenicity
  2. Infectious dose/ease of transmission
  3. Resistance in environment and to treatment
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11
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability of an organism to cause disease

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12
Q

Virulence

A

degree of severity or harmfulness of the pathogen

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13
Q

What are some environmental factors contributing to infectious disease?

A
  1. type of confinement
  2. stocking density
  3. sanitation procedures
  4. ventilation
  5. temperature
  6. humidity
  7. interactions with other species
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14
Q

Primary or definitive host

A

Host in which pathogen undergoes sexual phase of development/replication

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15
Q

Secondary or intermediate host

A

Host in which pathogen undergoes asexual phase of development/replication

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16
Q

Paratenic or transport host

A

Harbors pathogen in arrested state of development (can serve as a source to move pathogen between suspectible hosts) SHOWS NO SIGNS OF DISEASE

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17
Q

Incidental/Accidental or Aberrant Host

A

Host that is not normally infected with pathogen (host may show signs of disease) considered to be DEAD END if pathogen can’t be transferred further

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17
Q

Reservoir Host

A

Pathogen undergoes part of life cycle in this host, relies on host for survival (helps to maintain infections in population)

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17
Q

Portals of exit

A

blood, feces, respiratory secretions, skin/mucous membranes

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17
Q

Taenia Solium

A
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18
Q

Portal of entry

A

GIT, blood, mucous membrane, respiratory tract, skin

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19
Q

Modes of transmission

A

direct or indirect

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20
Q

Modes of indirect transmission

A
  1. fomites
  2. droplet
  3. airborne
  4. vehicle
  5. vector
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21
Q

fomite

A

inanimate object that can carry disease from animal to animal

22
droplet
big released when you sneeze, cough, etc. >5 micrometers travels up to 1 meter
23
airborne
tiny and can stay in the air for a long time and travel longer distances
24
vehicle
water, food, blood products
25
vector
a living thing that can carry and spread disease
26
mechanical vector example
if a fly lands on manure and picks up pathogen on feet then lands on a cows eyeball transmitting pink eye
27
biological vector example
if a bug takes up blood from a diseased animal then bites another animal giving it that disease
28
epidemic
widespread occurrence of infectious disease in the human community
29
epizootic
widespread occurrence of infectious disease in the animal community
30
WNV reservoir host
birds
31
WNV vector
mosquito
32
WNV incidental dead end hosts
horses and people
33
Incubation period
preclinical phase from biological onset to onset of signs
34
clinical phase
disease diagnosed and therapy given
35
prodromal stage
when the initial signs/symptoms develop before specific signs of disease are evident part of the clinical phase term used in humans
36
Pattern of infectious disease
exposure to pathogen --> incubation period --> illness or no illness
37
From illness where can disease go to
1. transmission with clinical disease 2. carrier state
38
From no illness where can you go
1. carrier state 2. infection clears
39
What does being a carrier mean?
can transmit disease without active clinical signs
40
How do we prevent infectious disease?
1. manipulation of host genetics 2. management 3. preventative medical care
41
How do we manipulate host genetics?
genetic selection and genetic engineering
42
How do we manage to prevent infectious diseases?
biosecurity and population control
43
Surveillance and reporting for infectious diseases
1. monitor animals for signs and lesions or through targeted immunological testing 2. monitor environment 3. isolate or cull the sick (submit for necropsy)
44
necropsy
evaluating the body for disease after death
45
culling
killing/removing
46
sentinel animals
an animal in an environment is used to figure out if an infectious disease is present in that environment
47
What infectious diseases are of special concern?
1. zoonotic or anthroponotic disease 2. diseases with high morbidity and mortality 3. foreign animal diseases
48
Morbidity
how sick that disease will make you
49
Mortality
how many death will this disease cause
50
Important zoonotic diseases
1. zoonotic influenza 2. salmonellosis 3. WNV 4. plague 5. coronavirus 6. rabies 7. brucellosis 8. Lyme disease
51
zoonotic
passed from animal to human
52
anthroponotic
passed from human to animal
53
Who could you report these diseases to?
state vet, USDA, CDC
54
Up to ______% of all human infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin.
75
55
Spillover
the moment when a pathogen passes from members of one species as host into members of another
56
Why are zoonotic diseases emerging?
1. anthropogenic factors 2. hunting pressures 3. climate change 4. presence of agriculture and invasive species 5. human travel 6. wildlife trade

Animal Diseases (12 decks)

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