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Animal Diseases > Infectious Disease Transmission and Zoonosis > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Transmission and Zoonosis Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens

A

agents typically living organisms (except viruses and prions) that cause disease

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2
Q

What pathogens are in the larger bacteria classification?

A

rickettsia, mycobacteria, and chlamydia

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3
Q

Are protozoa and parasites in the same pathogen class?

A

no

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4
Q

What is the epidemiological triad?

A

host factors, pathogen factors, environmental factors

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5
Q

What are some host factors contributing to infectious disease development?

A
  1. genetic suspectibility
  2. immune competency
  3. nutritional plane
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6
Q

Immunoincompetent

A

young

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7
Q

Immunosenescene

A

old

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8
Q

What contributes to immune competency?

A

-age
-stress
-co infection
-vaccination status

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9
Q

What’s under the nutritional plane?

A

emaciated, anemic, specific nutrient deficient, etc.

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10
Q

What are some pathogen factors contributing to infectious disease?

A
  1. Pathogenicity
  2. Infectious dose/ease of transmission
  3. Resistance in environment and to treatment
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11
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability of an organism to cause disease

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12
Q

Virulence

A

degree of severity or harmfulness of the pathogen

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13
Q

What are some environmental factors contributing to infectious disease?

A
  1. type of confinement
  2. stocking density
  3. sanitation procedures
  4. ventilation
  5. temperature
  6. humidity
  7. interactions with other species
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14
Q

Primary or definitive host

A

Host in which pathogen undergoes sexual phase of development/replication

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15
Q

Secondary or intermediate host

A

Host in which pathogen undergoes asexual phase of development/replication

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16
Q

Paratenic or transport host

A

Harbors pathogen in arrested state of development (can serve as a source to move pathogen between suspectible hosts) SHOWS NO SIGNS OF DISEASE

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17
Q

Incidental/Accidental or Aberrant Host

A

Host that is not normally infected with pathogen (host may show signs of disease) considered to be DEAD END if pathogen can’t be transferred further

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17
Q

Reservoir Host

A

Pathogen undergoes part of life cycle in this host, relies on host for survival (helps to maintain infections in population)

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17
Q

Portals of exit

A

blood, feces, respiratory secretions, skin/mucous membranes

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17
Q

Taenia Solium

A
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18
Q

Portal of entry

A

GIT, blood, mucous membrane, respiratory tract, skin

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19
Q

Modes of transmission

A

direct or indirect

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20
Q

Modes of indirect transmission

A
  1. fomites
  2. droplet
  3. airborne
  4. vehicle
  5. vector
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21
Q

fomite

A

inanimate object that can carry disease from animal to animal

22
Q

droplet

A

big released when you sneeze, cough, etc. >5 micrometers travels up to 1 meter

23
Q

airborne

A

tiny and can stay in the air for a long time and travel longer distances

24
Q

vehicle

A

water, food, blood products

25
Q

vector

A

a living thing that can carry and spread disease

26
Q

mechanical vector example

A

if a fly lands on manure and picks up pathogen on feet then lands on a cows eyeball transmitting pink eye

27
Q

biological vector example

A

if a bug takes up blood from a diseased animal then bites another animal giving it that disease

28
Q

epidemic

A

widespread occurrence of infectious disease in the human community

29
Q

epizootic

A

widespread occurrence of infectious disease in the animal community

30
Q

WNV reservoir host

A

birds

31
Q

WNV vector

A

mosquito

32
Q

WNV incidental dead end hosts

A

horses and people

33
Q

Incubation period

A

preclinical phase from biological onset to onset of signs

34
Q

clinical phase

A

disease diagnosed and therapy given

35
Q

prodromal stage

A

when the initial signs/symptoms develop before specific signs of disease are evident part of the clinical phase term used in humans

36
Q

Pattern of infectious disease

A

exposure to pathogen –> incubation period –> illness or no illness

37
Q

From illness where can disease go to

A
  1. transmission with clinical disease
  2. carrier state
38
Q

From no illness where can you go

A
  1. carrier state
  2. infection clears
39
Q

What does being a carrier mean?

A

can transmit disease without active clinical signs

40
Q

How do we prevent infectious disease?

A
  1. manipulation of host genetics
  2. management
  3. preventative medical care
41
Q

How do we manipulate host genetics?

A

genetic selection and genetic engineering

42
Q

How do we manage to prevent infectious diseases?

A

biosecurity and population control

43
Q

Surveillance and reporting for infectious diseases

A
  1. monitor animals for signs and lesions or through targeted immunological testing
  2. monitor environment
  3. isolate or cull the sick (submit for necropsy)
44
Q

necropsy

A

evaluating the body for disease after death

45
Q

culling

A

killing/removing

46
Q

sentinel animals

A

an animal in an environment is used to figure out if an infectious disease is present in that environment

47
Q

What infectious diseases are of special concern?

A
  1. zoonotic or anthroponotic disease
  2. diseases with high morbidity and mortality
  3. foreign animal diseases
48
Q

Morbidity

A

how sick that disease will make you

49
Q

Mortality

A

how many death will this disease cause

50
Q

Important zoonotic diseases

A
  1. zoonotic influenza
  2. salmonellosis
  3. WNV
  4. plague
  5. coronavirus
  6. rabies
  7. brucellosis
  8. Lyme disease
51
Q

zoonotic

A

passed from animal to human

52
Q

anthroponotic

A

passed from human to animal

53
Q

Who could you report these diseases to?

A

state vet, USDA, CDC

54
Q

Up to ______% of all human infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin.

A

75

55
Q

Spillover

A

the moment when a pathogen passes from members of one species as host into members of another

56
Q

Why are zoonotic diseases emerging?

A
  1. anthropogenic factors
  2. hunting pressures
  3. climate change
  4. presence of agriculture and invasive species
  5. human travel
  6. wildlife trade

Animal Diseases (12 decks)

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