Respiratory system anatomy

Question 1

What are the structures in the upper responsible for?

Answer 1

filtering, humidifying, warming air through nose and mouth

Question 2

What is the pharynx

Answer 2

Throat muscular portion of that extends from nose and mouth the the trachea and esophagus

Question 3

What is the Nasopharynx and what is it lined with

Answer 3

• The nasal cavity
• lined with ciliated mucus membrane
• Keeps contaiminants out of the respiratory system
• when sick the body increases mucus production to trap and stop other contaimainents
• the membrane is extremely delicate

Question 4

What are turbinates where are they found and what do they do

Answer 4

• 3 bony structures that stick out laterally in the nasal cavity
• increase surface area to increase performance of , warming, filtering, and humidifying the air

Question 5

What is the oropharynx and what structures are found in this portion of the upper airway

Answer 5

• Forms the posterior portion of the mouth
• Structures
• Tongue
• Palate (soft and hard)
• adenoids
• tonsils
• Uvula
• Epiglottis
• Vallecula

Question 6

What is the tongue attached to?

Answer 6

They mandible and hyoid bone

Question 7

What are the tonsils and adenoids

Answer 7

• Tonsils: made up of lymphatic tissue tp get filter and trap bacteria
• Adenoids: made up of lymphatic tissue to help filter and trap bacteria
• Both become swollen if infected

Question 8

What is the epiglottis?

Answer 8

• Leaf-shaped flap
• coveres the glottic opening
• prevents food/fluid from entering the airway when swallowing

Question 9

What is the Vallecula

Answer 9

• It is the atomical space between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis
• Important landmark from intubation

Question 10

What does the larynx mark

Answer 10

the end up of the upper airway and beginning of the lower airway

Question 11

What is thyroid cartilage

Answer 11

• a structure formed by 2 plates to create the adam’s apple (laryngeal prominence)
• Directly anterior to the glottic opening

Question 12

what holds the thyroid cartilage in palce

Answer 12

Thyroid ligament

Question 13

What is the cricoid cartilage and where is it found

Answer 13

• Found in the larynx
• also called Cricoid ring
• Forms the lowest portion of the larynx and is the first ring of the trachea
  *

Question 14

What is cricoidthyroid membrane

Answer 14

• Lies between the crioid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
• Site for a cricothyrotomy

Question 15

What is the glottis or “glottic opening”

Answer 15

Space between vocal cords and the narrowest portion of the airway

Question 16

What are the vocal cords

Answer 16

• Create the voice through vibrations
• when at rest the are partially open
• during forceful exhalation and inhalation they are fully opened

Question 17

What is arytenoid cartilage and where is it found

Answer 17

• Found in the larynx
• attaches to the posterior of the vocal cords
• It pivots the vocal cords to be open or closed
• helpful guide for intubation

Question 18

What is the primiform fossea

Answer 18

2 pockets of tissues that boarders the larynx laterally

Question 19

What is a laryngospam

Answer 19

When the vocal cords close either partially or fully obstructing air for a few seconds
this ist typically due to something being aspirated

Question 20

What are the structures in the lower airway?

Answer 20

• Trachea
• bronchi
• bronchioles
• alveoli
• lungs

Question 21

Describe the trachea

Answer 21

• also called the windpipe
• C-shaped cartilage rings
• Starts after the cricoid cartilage

Question 22

What are the bonchi and what is hilum

Answer 22

• Branch off of the trachea to the left/right lung
• lined with mucus and BETA-2 receptors
• Right bronchi is straighter and shorter then the left
• Hilum: where the blood vessels for the bronchi enter

Question 23

What are the bronchioles

Answer 23

• Small branches of bronchi
• made of smooth muscle
• constrict and dilate due to different stimuli
• branch into the alveoli sacs

Question 24

what are alveoli

Answer 24

Where O2 and Co2 are exchanged
* Caused by diffusion betweent the alveoli and pulmonary capillaires

Question 25

What is the pleura

Answer 25

• Pleura is a dual layered connective tissue sac that surrounds the lungs
• Parietal pleura: lines the inside of the thoracic cavity
• Visceral pleura: outer linning of the lungs
• Filled with Viscous fluid lubricates the lungs to prevent friction when breathing
• also creates surface tension of the lungs to prevent them from collapsing

Question 26

What are the alveoli lined with

Answer 26

• A surfactant
• Decreases surface tension on the alevoli to prevent them from collapsing
• A collapsed alveoli sac due to decreased surfactant is called a Atelectasis

Question 27

What are the 3 main parts of the sternum

Answer 27

1. Manubrium
2. central sternal body
3. xiphoid process

Question 28

What are the anatomical landmarks for the sternum

Answer 28

1. Jugular notch (suprasternal notch)
   dip in the manubrium and is a landmark for subclavian vein access
2. Angle of louis (sternal angle)
   Junction for the manubrium and the sternal body
   marks where the costal cartilage of the second rib joins the sternum

Question 29

What are the intercoastal space

Answer 29

• Lie between each rib
• is # according to the rib superior to the space ( the 2nd intercostal space is between the 2nd and 3rd rib)
• Contain intercostal muscles & intercostal nerves
• The intercostal nerves innervates the intercostal muscles
• Also contains the nurovascular bundle: contains artries veins and nerves

Question 30

What nerve innervates the diaphragm

Answer 30

phrenic nerve

Question 31

Describe the diaphragm

Answer 31

• Primary muscle for breathing and is the largest muscle for breathing
• forms a barrier between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
• joins with intercostal muscles to increase the size of the thoracic cavity during breathing