Blood Flashcards
What is the hematopoietic system
Blood components and organs that are involved in the production of blood
Describe hemoglobin, hematocrit
- Hematocrit: the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
- Hemoglobin: a protein contained in RBC’s that binds to O2 to transport to cells
What are RBC’s
- Also called Erythrocytes
- they make up 99% of formed elements
How are RBC produced and what is their lifespan
- The production of RBC’s is stimulated by Erthroprotein which is secreted by the kidneys
- they come from bone marrow and can take up to 5days to emerge
- the normal lifespan is rougly 4 months
define Anemia
A lower than normal amount of hemoglobin or RBC’s
Iron deficincy is the most common type of anemia
What is a hemolytic disorder
disorder that is related to the breakdown of RBC’s
Define hemostasis
the mechanism that leads to cessation of bleeding from a blood vessel
define homeostasis
A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.
What are the 5 types of white blood cells
- basophils
- eosinphils
- neutrophils
- monocytes/macrophage
- lymphocytes
What is do basophils do and what is their lifespan
- Contain histamine granules and other substances that are relased during inflammation
- make up less than 1% of WBC
- last roughly a few hours to a few days
What is do eosinphils do and what is their lifespan
- Released during allergic response
- relase a chemoactive substance that damages or kills parasitic invaders
- the chemoactive substance can cause bronchospams
- accounts for 1-3% of WBC’s
- lives 8-12 days
What is do Neutrophils do and what is their lifespan
- Protect body from infection
- first reponsders to foreign invasion
- Destroy invaders by Phagocytosis
- accounts for 50-70% of WBC
- 6 hours to a few days
What is do Monocytes do and what is their lifespan
- Mature in the blood and become macrophages
- function mainly as scavengers for the tissue
- first line of defense in inflammation
What is do lymphocytes do and what is their lifespan
- Mainly found in lymphoid tissue
- also circulate the blood and lympth system
- 2 types of:
- B lymphocytes
- T Lymphocytes
What are platlets and what do they do
- Smallest formed element
- responsible for clotting
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What is Thrombopoietin?
Thrombopoietin is the primary regulator of platelet production
How does hemostasis occur?
- Injuries to tissues causes chemicals to release causing vasoconstriction
- platlets will travel down the lumen to the affected site and adhere to the damaged area forming a Platelet plug (this is primary hemostasis
- The plug is strengthen by fibren which polymerizes to the platlets to form a fibermesh (this is secondary hemostasis)
- When the clot needs to be dissolved the fibrinolysis cascade is activated which dissolves the fibrin into Fibrin splint products
What is fibrinolysis
Bodys natural way of breaking down clots and preventing unwanted clots
What is the normal blood volume for a male, women and 1 year old
- Male: 70ml/kg
- Women: 65ml/kg
- 1 year old: 800ml
What is blood made up of?
formed elements and plasma
What is plasma made up of
- 92% water
- 8% protein, electrolytes, clotting factors, glucouse, albumin, globulin and fribrin
What makes up formed elements
- RBC’s (eythrocytes)
- WBC’s (leukocytes)
- Platelets
What happens when the body loses to much blood
- The body cant handle losing more than 20% of total blood
- Hypovolemic shock can develop if blood lose happens to rapidly
What are the 3 main organs involved in RBC production
- Bone marrow (primary cell production)
- Liver
- spleen
What does the liver do for the blood
- Filters blood and removes toxins which is essential to maintaing homeostasis
- old RBC get broken down into bile
- also stores blood
What does the spleen do for blood
- involved in breaking down and filtering and assisting with WBC’s production
- Stores 1/3 of the platelets the other 2/3 are in the blood circulating
what is ph and what is the normal blood pH
pH is the measurement of H+ ions
7.35-7.45
What is the main buffer system
Bicarbonate buffer system
What is acidosis and alkalosis
- Acidosis: high concentration of H+ ions and therfore blood is more acidic, pH less than 7.35
- Alkalosis: Low concentration of H+ ions therefore blood is more basic, pH more than 7.45
What does acidosis cause
- neurons become less excitable
- CNS depression occurs: PT becomes confused and disorientated
- Severe acidosis:
- respiratory system become impaired
- potential death for PT
What does Alkalosis cause
- Neurons become hyperexcitable: causes action potentials to fire at the smallest signal
- Starts at sensory changes, numbness tingling and muscle twitching
- Severe alkalosis:
- Muscle twitches become sustained contractions
- can cause paralyzed respiratory muscles
What is metabolic acidosis and how does the body compensate?
- Accumulation of abnormal acid in the blood
- Initally PaCO2 isnt effected but the pH decreases
- Body compensates by Respiratory alkalosis which is hyperventilating to blow of excess CO2
