Musculoskeletal anatomy Flashcards
What are the long bones in the body
- Femur
- humerus
- tibia
- fibula
- radis
- ulna
- metacarpals
- metatarsaks
- phalanges
What are the 3 main regions of a long bone
- Diaphysis
- Epiphysis
- Metaphysis
What is a Physis
Growth plate that will fuse together with the bone when it is done growing
What is the Periosteum and what does it contain
- Dense fibrous membrane that covers the bone
- contains capillaries and cells for repair and maintence
- contains nerve endings
How does the long bone get its nutrience
The nutrient artery
What is the inside of the bone called and what does it contain
- Called the medullary canal and is line by the Endosteum ( same thing as the periosteum)
- Contains bone marrow
What is Articular cartilage and what does it do
- Coveres the area where long bones connect with other bones
- cushions the bone from damage and wear
What are the 2 divsion of the skeleton
Axial skeleton: all the bones from the central part of the body
Appendicular skeleton: all the bones from the upper extremities, lower extremities, pectoral gridle and pelvic girdle
What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton:
Upper extremities
- Humerus: forms the upper arm
- Ulna and radis: forms the forearm
- Carpals: wrist bones
- Metacarpals: Hand bones
- ** Phalanges:** (finger bones)
What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton:
Pectoral gridle
- 2 scapula: shoulder blade held together by the serratus anterior
- 2 clavicals: collar bones attached to the sterunm
- very vulnerable to injury
- The pectoral girdle joins the upper extremities at the Glenohumeral joint
What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton:
Pelvic girdle
- Ischium
- Ilium
- Pubis
- Form together to make the Innomiate bone (hip bone)
- 2 iliac bones: joined posterioly at the sacrum by the Sacroiliac joint
- 2 Pubic bones: (pelvis) joing anterioly by the Pubic symphysis
What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton:
Lower extremities
- Femur: Thigh bone
- Head of the femur attaches to Acetabulum of the hip
- attached to the knee via a hinge join
- Tibia: shin bone, Formes the inferior portion of the knee + knee cap (patella)
- Fibula: smalller than the tibia runs posterioly and laterally to the tibia
- makes up the lateral knob of the ankle joing Lateral malleolus
- Tarsals: Ankle bones, larges is the Calcaneous which is the heel bone
- Metatarsals: feetbones
- Phalanges: toe bones
What bones are in the Axial skeleton
- Vertebral column
- skull
- ribs
- sternum
What is a joint and what is a fused joint
Joint: the point where 2 bones meet
Fused joint: not moveable (joints of the skull)
What are the 3 types of joints and describe them
- Fibrous joints: Synarthroses, made up of dense fibrous tissue that does allow for movement
- Cartilaginous joints: Amphiarthrose, very minimal movement
- Synovial joints: Diathroses, most mobile joint
Describe the anatomy of a synovial joint (diathroses)
- covered by joint capsule which is an extension of the periosteum
- articular cartilage is inside the joint to provide cushioning and reduce wear and tear
- Synovial memebrane: secretes Synovial fluid that lubricates the joints for painfree movement
What are the 6 types of synovial joints (diathroses)
- Planar joints: allow for gliding movement
- Hinge joints: slightly rounded end of 1 bone fits into a hollow end of another bone. One bone stays stationary while the other moves
- Pivot joints: Rounded bone fitting into ring formed by another bone. allows for rotational movement
- Conclyoid joints (ellipsodial joint): oval shaped bone fitting into a similar shaped bone, allows for angluar movement across 2 planes
- Saddle joint: ends of bones look like a saddle, allows for angular movement with great motion thann conclyoid joints
- Ball and socket joint: Round ball like bone that fits into a socket, greatest range of motion all movement types are possible
Define origin and insertion
Origin: muscle attachment to a bone that remains immobile during movement
insertion: muscle attachment to bone that moves
Define tendon
attachment from muscle to bone
Define skeletal muscles
- Largely under voluntary control
- Striated muscles
- connected to the skeleton via tendons
How is muscle tissue characterized and what is its function
By its ability to contract
perform voluntary movements
provide structure and protection to the body
Define Atrophy and what are the 3 types
Atrophy lose of muscle tissue
1. Physiologic atrophy is caused by not using the muscles enough, can be reversed
2. Pathologic atrophy caused by aging, starvation, and diseases. Sarcopenia is age related atrophy
3. Neurogenic atrophy loss of muscle mass and function that results directly from injury or disease of the peripheral nervous system
What is Muscular dystrophy (MD)
Inherited muscular disease which causes progessive degeneration of the muscles
Dystroyed muscle fibers are relaced with fat or connective tissue
Hypertrophy vs hyperplasia
**Hypertrophy ** an increase in the size of individual muscle fibers
hyperplasiaan increase in the number of muscle fibers.
