Respiratory System Flashcards
The nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi are all apart of what system?
Conductive
Where does gas exchange happen?
In the alveoli
Where does detoxification happen
In the bronchioles-the goblet cells replaced by clara cells, detox foreign substances.
Where is the transitional system?
Bronchioles
Which system has cilia?
Conductive
Put these in order:
Lobule, acinus, interlobular septum
smallest
acinar
lobule
in between lobules are the interlobular septa
What do pneumocyte 2 produce?
Surfactant
What are the phases of aerogenous route?
Deposition
Clearance
Retention
What is the process by which deposited particles are destroyed, neutralized or removed from the mucosal surfaces
Clearance
What are the main mechanisms involved in clearance
Sneezing
Coughing
Reflex broncho-
constriction
Muco-ciliary effect
Phagocytosis by pulmonary alveolar macs
BALT helped by M cells
What is the difference between what is deposited and what is cleared from the respiratory tract
Retention
What is deposition?
Particles of various sizes/shapes trapped in the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract
What are the bacteria that are resistant to killing by the macs, and why?
Mycobacterium
Rhodococcus
Listeria
these reproduce IN the macs
What is the defense mechanism against blood borne agents?
Pulmonary intravascular macrophages in ruminants pigs cats and horses
Hepatic and Splenic Macs in the dog rodent and human
What can impair these defense mechanisms?
Viruses
Bacteria that replicate in the Mac
Direct injury to cells (paths and toxins)
Uremia dehyrdration endotoxemia hypoxia edema anesthesia
Iummunodeficiency-rare, penymocystis carinii in pigs, foals, dogs, ruminants
How do you characterize Rhinitis?
By its exudate
What is the etiology for the only nasal disease in ruminants?
Bovine Herpes Virus
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
What is another name for IBR
Red Nose
What is the exudate type for IBR
Serous to mucopurulent
What are your lesions for IBR
Ulcers
Fibrinonecrotic membranes that extends to the pharynx, larynx and trachea
How can you dx IBR
INIB
What is the etiology of Nasal Granuloma
Various etiologies
Mycotic: Rhinosporidium, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus
Blood Fluike-schistosoma
Allergies
What will the granuloma look like in granulomatous rhinits
Soft Pink Bleed easily
polypoid nodules
What are the bacterial causes of nasal dz in sheep and goats?
NONE
They do get
Nasal granuloma
Myasis
Endemic ethemoidal carcinoma
You have a horse with Fever, congestion, serous inflammation of nasal mucosa, conjunctivitis, cough and sometimes edematous swelling of pharyngeal lymph nodes
Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis
What are your lesions for equine viral Rhinopneumonitis
Ulceration and necrosis of respiratory epithelium
What does Type A Orthomyxovirus cause?
Equine Influenza
Where are the lesions for Eq Influenza
NOT SEEN IN THE NASAL PASSAGES
dz mild-interstitial pneumonia
Horse comes in, serous and mucopurulent rhinitis, conjunctivities, and palpebral edema. also the etiology
Equine viral arteritis
Arterivirus
Which virus are you going to see hemorrhage in various tissues?
Equine Viral Arteritis
Bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, lymphadenopathy, and painful swo=allowing
Streptococcus equi equi
“strangles”
Where can the infection extend to in Strangles?
Paranasal sinuses
Guttural pouch
Internal organs.
Which dz can cause purpura hemorrhagica?
Strangles
What is the main dz of nasal cavity in dogs?
TRICK-none….multiple etiologies.
Exudate depends on etiology
What causes severe rhinitis, conjunctivitis, ulcerative keratitis, hepatic necrosis, abortion and still births?
what is the etiology
Feline virus rhinotracheitis
feline herpesvirus 1
What is a DDx for Feline virus rhinotracheitis but has the ulcers on the tongue and hard palate?
Feline calicivirus
What are the causative agents for Feline Respiratory disease complex?
FCV, FVR, Chlamydia, mycoplasma and FIP.
You have a young pig come into your office with sneezing, conjunctivitis, and mucopurulent lacrimation, what are you thinking? what are the lesions and how do you d?x?
Inclusion body rhinitis
Porcine cytomegalovirus
necrotizing and non suppurative lesions
INIB in the nasal gland epithelium
You have a pig come in with retarded growth of snouth, short and concave, bending on the effected side which has been slow progressing with sneezing and nasal discharge. what could it be
Atrophic rhinitis
etiology not clear
How do you diagnose Atrophic Rhinitis?
Make a transverse section of the snouth between 1st and 3nd premolar teeth to look at the degeneration
What kind of nasal neoplasm is more common in dogs?
Carcinomas
What kind of nasal neoplasm occurs in cats and horses?
SCC
What is bronchiectasis?
A permanent abnormal dilation of bronchi from chronic bronchial obstruction and infection
What are the 2 types of bronchiesctasis?
Saccular
Cylindrical
Which type of bronchiectasis occurs mostly over the entire length of the bronchus
Cylindrical
Calf comes in with a fever, anorexia, moist painful cough and dyspnea. You do a necropsy and find dry yellow gray necrotic areas on the larynx. What ya thinking
Necrotic laryngitis/calf diphtheria
Fusobacterium necrophorum
What is it called when there is paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in a horse?
Roaring
or Laryngeal paralysis
What are the common causes of Laryngeal Paralysis in horses?
Mycosis of guttural pouch
Retropharyngeal abscess
Neoplasm involving cervical lymph glands
Injury and inflammatory lesions in the neck
Emphysema of guttural pouch
Which CN innervate the Guttural pouch?
9-12
What is the most common etiology for epistaxis in a horse
What does it do?
Aspergillus fumigatus
erosion of the wall of internal carotid or branches of external carotid
Why can you get dysphagia from mycosis of guttural pouch?
damage to cranial nerves and the sympathetic nerves that traverse the guttural pouch
What is the main consquence of mycosis of the guttural pouch?
Larygneal nerve paralysis
What do you suspect in a horse that has a guttural pouch that is distended with air but is a non painful swelling in the parotid region?
Guttural Pouch Tympany
What age do you usually see guttural pouch tympany
birth to 1 year
Why can horses get guttural pouch tympany//
Inflammation or malformation of the pharyngeal orifice of the eustachean tube
How do you dx guttural pouch tympany?
RADIOGRAPH
What can severe cases of COPD in horses lead to?
Accumulation of mucus leads to incomplete obstruction of bronchioles and alveoli, causing alveolar emphysema
What is COPD in horses believed to be caused by?
Fungal spores and dust
What causes lesions that consist of necrosis and suppuration in trachiobronchi in dogs?
Canine Infectious tracheobronchitits
Asthma ==??
Allergies
An older male large breed dog comes in with an abnormal bark and exercise intolerance that as aspirate pneumonia…what ya thinking?
Laryngeal paralysis
Feline Asthma is thought to be what kind of hypersensitivity?
Type 1 HS
Atelectasis means what?
Empty alveoli which do NOT contain air.
What are your types of Atelectasis
Congenital
acquired
How would one contract congential Atelectasis
Obstruction of airways due to muconeum, aspiration, amniotic fluid
How would one contract acquired Atelectasis
Compression from pneumothorax, hydrothorax, bloat, neoplasm
How does the lungs look with Atelectasisf
Dark, red, flabby, and depressed below the surface of surround lung
What are the two types of lung emphysema?
Alveolar
Interstitial
What do lungs with alveolar emphysema look like?
Emphysematous areas are raised, pale or white, dry and can be easily compressed with finger
What causes alveolar emphysema?
Incompletely closed bronchioles
What do the alveoli look like with emphysema?
abnormal and permanently enlarged with destruction of the walls
Where will you see air in interstitial emphysema?
Air will collect in the connective tissue of lungs
Interalveolar septa, interlobular septa, below pleura, around the bronchi and blood vessesl
What are the causes of interstitial emphysema?
Forced respiratory efforts from the following conditions:
Death is followed by violent efforts in anoxia
During quick loss of blood in trauma, slaughter of fully conscious animals
death after protracted illness
What are the two causes of pulmonary edema?
Inc capillary hdyrostatic pressure
factors increasing permeability of the air-blood barrier
What are some of the factors that inc capillary hydrostatic pressure that causes pulmonary edema?
Inc left atrial pressure in left sided or bilateral heart failure
Excessive fluids
Pulmonary venous occlusion
What are the lesions you will see for pulmonary edema?
Wet and heavy
do not collapse when thorax is opened.
clear colorless/yellow or turbid blood mixed fluid–but depends on the type of edema
Is pulmonary edema fatal?
Usually
What is the pathogenesis of ARDS?
Triggering of Macs to release large amts of cytokines.
CYTOKINES PRIME NEUTROPHILS STATIONED IN THE LUNG CAPILLARIES TO RELEASE ENZYMES AND FREE RADICALS
which cause diffuse endothelial epithelia damage
permeability edema
What are some causes of ARDS and what kind of damage does it do?
Systemic dz
Direct injury to the lungs
LESIONS IN OTHER ORGAN SYSTEMS-sepsis, multiple traumas, extensive burns and pancreatitis.
diffuse alveolar damage happens.
What are some causes for pulmonary hypertension?
any inc in pulmonary vascular resistance
Hypoxia, chronic bronchitis/bronchiolitis
vascular obstructions: thromboemboli-dirofilaria immitis
volume overload
Pulmonary hypertension is almost always secondary to? (3)
Cardiac dz (L heart failure)
Septal defects
Left to right shunts
Sustained pulmonary hypertension results in?
Inc pressure load to right ventricle with compensatory RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY and right heart failure.
