Respiratory System Flashcards by Jessica Large

The nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi are all apart of what system?

Conductive

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Where does gas exchange happen?

In the alveoli

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Where does detoxification happen

In the bronchioles-the goblet cells replaced by clara cells, detox foreign substances.

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Where is the transitional system?

Bronchioles

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Which system has cilia?

Conductive

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Put these in order:

Lobule, acinus, interlobular septum

smallest

acinar

lobule

in between lobules are the interlobular septa

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What do pneumocyte 2 produce?

Surfactant

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What are the phases of aerogenous route?

Deposition

Clearance

Retention

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What is the process by which deposited particles are destroyed, neutralized or removed from the mucosal surfaces

Clearance

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What are the main mechanisms involved in clearance

Sneezing

Coughing

Reflex broncho-
constriction

Muco-ciliary effect

Phagocytosis by pulmonary alveolar macs

BALT helped by M cells

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What is the difference between what is deposited and what is cleared from the respiratory tract

Retention

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What is deposition?

Particles of various sizes/shapes trapped in the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract

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What are the bacteria that are resistant to killing by the macs, and why?

Mycobacterium

Rhodococcus

Listeria

these reproduce IN the macs

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What is the defense mechanism against blood borne agents?

Pulmonary intravascular macrophages in ruminants pigs cats and horses

Hepatic and Splenic Macs in the dog rodent and human

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What can impair these defense mechanisms?

Viruses

Bacteria that replicate in the Mac

Direct injury to cells (paths and toxins)

Uremia
dehyrdration
endotoxemia
hypoxia
edema
anesthesia

Iummunodeficiency-rare, penymocystis carinii in pigs, foals, dogs, ruminants

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How do you characterize Rhinitis?

By its exudate

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What is the etiology for the only nasal disease in ruminants?

Bovine Herpes Virus

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

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What is another name for IBR

Red Nose

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What is the exudate type for IBR

Serous to mucopurulent

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What are your lesions for IBR

Ulcers

Fibrinonecrotic membranes that extends to the pharynx, larynx and trachea

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How can you dx IBR

INIB

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What is the etiology of Nasal Granuloma

Various etiologies

Mycotic: Rhinosporidium, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus

Blood Fluike-schistosoma

Allergies

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What will the granuloma look like in granulomatous rhinits

Soft Pink Bleed easily

polypoid nodules

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What are the bacterial causes of nasal dz in sheep and goats?

NONE

They do get
Nasal granuloma
Myasis
Endemic ethemoidal carcinoma

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You have a horse with Fever, congestion, serous inflammation of nasal mucosa, conjunctivitis, cough and sometimes edematous swelling of pharyngeal lymph nodes

Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis

What are your lesions for equine viral Rhinopneumonitis

Ulceration and necrosis of respiratory epithelium

What does Type A Orthomyxovirus cause?

Equine Influenza

Where are the lesions for Eq Influenza

NOT SEEN IN THE NASAL PASSAGES dz mild-interstitial pneumonia

Horse comes in, serous and mucopurulent rhinitis, conjunctivities, and palpebral edema. also the etiology

Equine viral arteritis Arterivirus

Which virus are you going to see hemorrhage in various tissues?

Equine Viral Arteritis

Bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, lymphadenopathy, and painful swo=allowing

Streptococcus equi equi "strangles"

Where can the infection extend to in Strangles?

Paranasal sinuses Guttural pouch Internal organs.

Which dz can cause purpura hemorrhagica?

Strangles

What is the main dz of nasal cavity in dogs?

TRICK-none....multiple etiologies. Exudate depends on etiology

What causes severe rhinitis, conjunctivitis, ulcerative keratitis, hepatic necrosis, abortion and still births? what is the etiology

Feline virus rhinotracheitis feline herpesvirus 1

What is a DDx for Feline virus rhinotracheitis but has the ulcers on the tongue and hard palate?

Feline calicivirus

What are the causative agents for Feline Respiratory disease complex?

FCV, FVR, Chlamydia, mycoplasma and FIP.

You have a young pig come into your office with sneezing, conjunctivitis, and mucopurulent lacrimation, what are you thinking? what are the lesions and how do you d?x?

Inclusion body rhinitis Porcine cytomegalovirus necrotizing and non suppurative lesions INIB in the nasal gland epithelium

You have a pig come in with retarded growth of snouth, short and concave, bending on the effected side which has been slow progressing with sneezing and nasal discharge. what could it be

Atrophic rhinitis etiology not clear

How do you diagnose Atrophic Rhinitis?

Make a transverse section of the snouth between 1st and 3nd premolar teeth to look at the degeneration

What kind of nasal neoplasm is more common in dogs?

Carcinomas

What kind of nasal neoplasm occurs in cats and horses?

SCC

What is bronchiectasis?

A permanent abnormal dilation of bronchi from chronic bronchial obstruction and infection

What are the 2 types of bronchiesctasis?

Saccular Cylindrical

Which type of bronchiectasis occurs mostly over the entire length of the bronchus

Cylindrical

Calf comes in with a fever, anorexia, moist painful cough and dyspnea. You do a necropsy and find dry yellow gray necrotic areas on the larynx. What ya thinking

Necrotic laryngitis/calf diphtheria Fusobacterium necrophorum

What is it called when there is paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in a horse?

Roaring or Laryngeal paralysis

What are the common causes of Laryngeal Paralysis in horses?

Mycosis of guttural pouch Retropharyngeal abscess Neoplasm involving cervical lymph glands Injury and inflammatory lesions in the neck Emphysema of guttural pouch

Which CN innervate the Guttural pouch?

9-12

What is the most common etiology for epistaxis in a horse What does it do?

Aspergillus fumigatus erosion of the wall of internal carotid or branches of external carotid

Why can you get dysphagia from mycosis of guttural pouch?

damage to cranial nerves and the sympathetic nerves that traverse the guttural pouch

What is the main consquence of mycosis of the guttural pouch?

Larygneal nerve paralysis

What do you suspect in a horse that has a guttural pouch that is distended with air but is a non painful swelling in the parotid region?

Guttural Pouch Tympany

What age do you usually see guttural pouch tympany

birth to 1 year

Why can horses get guttural pouch tympany//

Inflammation or malformation of the pharyngeal orifice of the eustachean tube

How do you dx guttural pouch tympany?

RADIOGRAPH

What can severe cases of COPD in horses lead to?

Accumulation of mucus leads to incomplete obstruction of bronchioles and alveoli, causing alveolar emphysema

What is COPD in horses believed to be caused by?

Fungal spores and dust

What causes lesions that consist of necrosis and suppuration in trachiobronchi in dogs?

Canine Infectious tracheobronchitits

Asthma ==??

Allergies

An older male large breed dog comes in with an abnormal bark and exercise intolerance that as aspirate pneumonia...what ya thinking?

Laryngeal paralysis

Feline Asthma is thought to be what kind of hypersensitivity?

Type 1 HS

Atelectasis means what?

Empty alveoli which do NOT contain air.

What are your types of Atelectasis

Congenital acquired

How would one contract congential Atelectasis

Obstruction of airways due to muconeum, aspiration, amniotic fluid

How would one contract acquired Atelectasis

Compression from pneumothorax, hydrothorax, bloat, neoplasm

How does the lungs look with Atelectasisf

Dark, red, flabby, and depressed below the surface of surround lung

What are the two types of lung emphysema?

Alveolar Interstitial

What do lungs with alveolar emphysema look like?

Emphysematous areas are raised, pale or white, dry and can be easily compressed with finger

What causes alveolar emphysema?

Incompletely closed bronchioles

What do the alveoli look like with emphysema?

abnormal and permanently enlarged with destruction of the walls

Where will you see air in interstitial emphysema?

Air will collect in the connective tissue of lungs Interalveolar septa, interlobular septa, below pleura, around the bronchi and blood vessesl

What are the causes of interstitial emphysema?

Forced respiratory efforts from the following conditions: Death is followed by violent efforts in anoxia During quick loss of blood in trauma, slaughter of fully conscious animals death after protracted illness

What are the two causes of pulmonary edema?

Inc capillary hdyrostatic pressure factors increasing permeability of the air-blood barrier

What are some of the factors that inc capillary hydrostatic pressure that causes pulmonary edema?

Inc left atrial pressure in left sided or bilateral heart failure Excessive fluids Pulmonary venous occlusion

What are the lesions you will see for pulmonary edema?

Wet and heavy do not collapse when thorax is opened. clear colorless/yellow or turbid blood mixed fluid--but depends on the type of edema

Is pulmonary edema fatal?

Usually

What is the pathogenesis of ARDS?

Triggering of Macs to release large amts of cytokines. CYTOKINES PRIME NEUTROPHILS STATIONED IN THE LUNG CAPILLARIES TO RELEASE ENZYMES AND FREE RADICALS which cause diffuse endothelial epithelia damage permeability edema

What are some causes of ARDS and what kind of damage does it do?

Systemic dz Direct injury to the lungs LESIONS IN OTHER ORGAN SYSTEMS-sepsis, multiple traumas, extensive burns and pancreatitis. diffuse alveolar damage happens.

What are some causes for pulmonary hypertension?

any inc in pulmonary vascular resistance Hypoxia, chronic bronchitis/bronchiolitis vascular obstructions: thromboemboli-dirofilaria immitis volume overload

Pulmonary hypertension is almost always secondary to? (3)

Cardiac dz (L heart failure) Septal defects Left to right shunts

Sustained pulmonary hypertension results in?

Inc pressure load to right ventricle with compensatory RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY and right heart failure.