Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Path II > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

This kind of necrosis you will see cell swelling and central dissolution of Nissl substances leading to pale areas in the cytoplasm

A

Chromatolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Degeneration of axon and myelin sheath distal to the trauma or toxic injury

A

Wallerian Degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Accumulation of glial cells-mainly microglia, around damaged neurons

A

Satellitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phagocytosis of necrotic neurons

A

Neuronophagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Accumulation of leukocytes

A

Perivascular cuffing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which cell is responsible for myelination of axons within the CNS?

A

Oligodendroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which cells are responsible for movement of CSF through the ventricular system

A

Ependyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which cells secrete CSF and is apart of the Blood-CSF barrier

A

Choroid Plexus epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which cells are apart of the immunosurveillance, immunoregulation, and phagocytosis

A

Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Whats another name for the dura mater

A

pachymeninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What structures are in the leptomeninges

A

Arachnoid and Pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the meninge layers outside to in

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid
Pia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What canine virus can cause demyelination?

A

Distemper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is softening and liquefaction of nervous tissue from necrosis of neurons and glial cells?

A

Malacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is it called when a microglial cell swells up, the cytoplasm has a lot of lipids in it and is foamy and enlarged

A

Gitter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Eosinophilic with internal granules with stain purple with methylene blue and basic fuchsin.

A

Negri bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the different types of congenital anomalies?

A

Neural Tube Closure Defects

Neuronal Migration Disorders

Encephaloclastic

Malformations of Cerebellum

Malformations of the spinal cord

Hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Whats it called when there is a total absence of the entire brain, but in reality what is true about this

A

Anencephaly

This term is used even though a small portion of the brain persists

often the medulla is present and occasionally some of the mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dysraphia is?

A

Neural tube closure defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the failure of bilateral separation of the primitive single telencephal hemispheres?

Who is this common in and what are the lesions

A

Prosencephalic hypoplasia

Pigs and Lambs

has a SINGLE central ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a protrusion of the brain + meninges through a defect in the cranium

A

Meningoencephalocele and cranium bifidum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a protrusion of just the meninges

A

meningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a protrusion of the spinal cord + meninges

A

meningomyelocele

aka: encephalocele, cephalocele, craniocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What if you have a dorsal defect in closure of one or several vertebral arches in a brachycephalics or manx cats?

A

Sacrococcygeal agenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What refer to the defect in the spine in an meningoenceophalocele?

A

Spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens during a congenital hydromyelia?

What can cause it

A

Abnormal dilation of central canal of spinal cord

can be infectious or genetic—causes damage to the ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Simple dilatation of the central canal of the spinal cord causing excessive CSF is called

A

Hydromyelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens during an aquired hydromyelia and what can cause it

A

Obstructions of the central canal CSF flow. from infection, inflammation or neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is it called when the convolutions of the brain are almost entirely absent?

A

Lissencephaly (agyria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens in lissencephaly? which dog breed does it occur in?

A

Absence of PRIMARY gyri, and an excessively thin cerebral cortex (dec # of neurons)

Lhasa Apso

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Whats a destruction lesion of the brain called?

How about the focal vs diffuse kinds

A

Enceophaloclastic defects

Focal: Porenceophaly

Diffuse: Hydranenceophaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cysts in the wall of the cerebral hemisphere and can communicate w/the subarachnoid space or lateral ventricle? Where does it occur, white/grey matter? Is this focal/diffuse?

A

Porencephaly

WHITE matter

Focal lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

lesions: complete/incomplete absence of the cerebral hemispheres, the leptomeninges form sacs enclosing CSF, large cystic spaces or savs in the cerebral hemisperes and the ependyma is absent

A

Hydranencephaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q 
Lesions: 
Decrease in size of cerebellum
Loss of purkinge cells*******
Narrow granular layer
Normal molecular layer
A

Cerebellar hypoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is it called when there is a tubular cavitation of the spinal cord that extends over several segments, usually in the lumbar region. It is not lined with ependymal cells. What do the effected dogs looks like?

A

Syringomyelia

Affected dogs are unable to completely extend the hindimbs, and they may have a symmetrical hopping gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What viral infections can cause cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

Feline Panleukopenia

BVD

Herpesvirus in dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where are the cysts found in syringomyelia? Grey/White?

A

Grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the two kinds of hydrocephalus?

A

Congenital

Acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain and sub-meninges

A

Hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the 3 types of hyrocephalus?

A

Internal: in the ventricles

External: in the sub-arachnoid space

Communicating: in both localities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the 3 possible pathogenesis of hydrocephalus?

A

Inc production of CSF

Obstruction of the normal flow of CSF

Defective absorption of CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Lesion: Dilated ventricles or the duct system. Dome-shaped, thin boned and enlarged cranium

A

Congenital hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What type of hydrocephalus is the acquired kind?

A

commonly internal

44
Q

Lesion: Obstruction of CSF flow causing: Pressure atrophy of white matter and cerebral cortex, no malformation of the cranium**

what are the causes

A

Acquired hydrocephalus

Caused by:
Inflammation, cholesteatoma, neoplasia, parasitic cysts

45
Q

What are the degeneration dz

A 
Degen of neurons and axons
Myelin disorders
Storage dz
Spongiform encephalopathies
Spongy degeneration
46
Q

Motor neuron Dz

A

Kind of self explanatory-degen and loss of motor neurons in the ventral horns of the spinal cord

Marked accumulation of neurofilaments caused by posttranslational protein modification and impairment of neurofilament protein transport.

47
Q

Premature programmed cell loss that is a primary premature neuronal degen.

What two kinds can you get

A

Abiotrophy**

a type of apoptosis-but its premature

Restricted to the Cerebellar Cortex
or
Involve connected neural systems

48
Q

What are the lesions for Cerebellar abiotrophy

A

Cerebellum is normal or shrunken

Loss of Purkinje cells** and granule cells. Seen in basal ganglia

49
Q

How can you tell if its cerebellar abiotrophy or cerebellar hypoplasia

A

hypoplasia develops AFTER the cerebellum has attained its full complement and arrangement of neurons.

50
Q

What is GCL deficient in?

A

the catabolic enzyme

GALC-galactosylceramide-B-galactosidase

51
Q

When do you see the clinical signs of GCL?

A

2-7 mo of life

52
Q

Where and what are the lesions for GCL?

A

WHITE matter degen-becomes grey and soft.

GALC accumulates, the macs become globoid which are neurotoxic which leads to CNS signs.

53
Q

What happens in lysosomal storage dz?

A

The hydrolytic enzyme is absent or inoperational-so substrates will accumulate within the lysosomes. this is cytotoxic—necrosis of neurons, glial cells.

inherited

54
Q

Are Prion Dz inflammatory?

A

NO

55
Q

What dz has Cytoplasmic Vacuoles and Astrocytosis?*** What are the other lesions?

A

TSE’s-Prion dz

Accum of abnorm prion proteins.

Chronic wasting

56
Q

How do you Dx Prion dz/TSE?

A

You need to look for the abnormal proteins + lesions in the OBEX of the BRAINSTEM*****

Or IHC in the lymphoid tissue of the third eyelid in live sheep with scrapie

57
Q

Multiple fluid filled clear spaces in the WHITE matter due to accumulation of eduma fluid secondarily to: edema, wallerian degen, etc.?

A

Status Spongiosus

58
Q

What are your 2 types of status spongiosus?

A

Aminacidopathies: maple syrup dz, bovine citrullinemia

Metabolic Encephalopathies: Hepatic and renal enceph.

59
Q

Lesions: Malacia, maybe hemorrhage, selective necrosis/loss of neurons, axons, myelin. spongy state

A

Necrosis/malacia

60
Q

Necrosis of grey matter

Necrosis of white matter

A

Poliomalacia

Leukomalacia

61
Q

Necrosis of whole brain

Necrosis of spinal cord

Necrosis of brain AND spinal cord

A

encephalomalacia

Myelomalacia

Encephalomyelomalacia

62
Q

What are ALL of the causes of Necrosis

A

Vascular: thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, ruptured aneurysm

Cerebral hypoxia

Toxins: yellow star thistle, metals and salts, mycotoxins

Infections: theileriosis, moldy corn, clostridium perfringens, babesiosis, toxo

Nutritional: Vitamins: A,B,E
Minerals-copper

63
Q

What kind of pattern will you see in a diffuse necrosis

A

laminar-due to selective susceptibility of various cells in the CNS to hypoxia

64
Q

What kind of necrosis and what spp does Yellow Star Thistle Toxicity cause

A

Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia

65
Q

Clostridium perfringens type D causes?

A

Focal Symmetrical encephalomalacia in sheep

66
Q

What are some things that will cause a laminar pattern necrosis

A

Thiamine depletion-ALL cats. CCN

Salt poisoning-pigs–Polio

Lead poisoning-cattle–Bilat. Polio

High Dietary sulfur-cattle–CCN/Polio

67
Q

Which cells are susceptible to hypoxia and there for laminar cortical necrosis?

A

NOAM

Neurons (not all, in the 2nd and 3rd layers of cerebral cortex)

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Microglia

68
Q

Look at the Necrosis slide with all the etiologies and distributions

A

seriously….DO IT

he told us to star star star star!!!!

69
Q

What are the sequelae of necrosis

A

Gitter Cells**

Acute Hemorrhage** and softening–chronic liquefaction**

70
Q

Congestion is Increased _____ blood flow and its what kind active/passive?

A

Venous

passive

71
Q

Hyperemia is Increased _____ blood flow and its what kind active/passive?

A

Arterial

Active

72
Q

==Hypoxia + hypoglycemia

A

Ischemia

73
Q

Which cells are Sensitive to hypoxia-ischemia?

A

NOAMF

Neurons

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Microglia

Fibrovascular elements

74
Q

What are the mechanisms of hypoxia-ischemia?

A

Lactic acidosis

calcium influx

oxygen free radicals

excitotoxins

75
Q

What are the responses to hypoxia-ischemia

A

Swelling of perineuronal astrocyte foot processes

Neuronal contracture

cytoplasmic eosinophilia

nuclear pyknosis

karyorrhexis

karyolysis

76
Q

Can anesthesia cause hypoxia-ischemia?

A

YES! post anesth hemorrhagic myelopathy

post anesth cerebral necrosis.
When your inhalant gases are devoid of O2

more than 5 min of hypoxia is lethal to neurons-intense cytoplasmic eosinophilia, pyknosis, karyolysis, liquefaction, macrophage reaction

77
Q

What is a big reason for necrosis?

A

Hypoglycemia!!!!!

78
Q

What are some reasons that can cause hypoglycemia leading to necrosis

A

fasting

addisons dz

hepatic & renal dz

glycogen storage dz

pancreatic B cell tumors

79
Q

Tell me the pathogenesis of Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy and what spp is this in?

A

Dogs

Degen of intervertebral discs–prolapse–hemorrhage, embolism, infarction–myelomalacia

80
Q

What is a big cause of hypoxia-ischemia in cats? whats the pathogenesis

A

Feline ischemic encephalopathy

Migrating parasite–hemorrhage–vasospasm–cerebral ischemia

81
Q

What is necrosis of tissue after obstruction of its arterial blood supply

A

Infarction

82
Q

What are some etiologies of infarction

A

Tumor emboli

Compressive injuries to the CNS producing a sudden reduction in blood flow

Gradual reduction of blood flow through an artery

Anastomoses of the arteries that penetrate from the ventral and cortical surfaces of the brain, are insufficient to prevent infarction after sudden occlusion of one more of these arteries

83
Q

What are some causes of hemorrhage

A

traumatic

spontaneous

84
Q

What are some etiopathogenesis of hemorrhage

A

integrity of blood vessels-vasculitiis from pathogens/trauma, immune complexes, contusions

Coagulability of the blood

85
Q

What is hematomyelia

A

hemorrhage of the central canal of the spinal cord

86
Q

What are some consequences of hemorrhage?

A

no effect or…

SOL

blood clots

organized thrombi and blood clots

87
Q

What accompanies all intracerebral lesions? and what are some consequences

A

Cerebral edema*****

inc intracerebral pressure—life threatening

88
Q

Localized edema causes

A

SOL

Vague outline

if chronic-faint yellow discoloration

89
Q

Generalized edema?

A

Diffuse inflammation

Toxemias and Intoxications

Cattle and Sheep==CCN

90
Q

Vasogenic edema causes…and the outcome is….

A

Breakdown of the BBB

causes EC accumulation of fluid leaking into the interstitium, so its going to be moist and oozy

91
Q

Cytotoxic edema causes….and the outcome is….

A

Altered cellular metabolism

IC accumulation of fluid into astrocytes-not moist or oozy

92
Q

If the edema is severe and has a long duration, what will be the brain look like?

A

Gyri are swollen and flattened, sucli are shallow, displacement due to inc in volume

93
Q

What is lipping of the cerebellum

A

Medulla oblongata and the posterior portion of the cerebellum herniate through the foramen magnum.

94
Q

What are the main lesions of inflammation

A

Pronounced vascular response

Perivascular cuffing

Neuronal degeneration/death

Gliosis

Demyelination

95
Q

Abscesses of the CNS are more common in white/grey matter?

A

White

96
Q

Where is a good culture medium for many bacteria?

A

CSF

97
Q

What causes Thrombotic meningoencephalitis?

A

Histophilus spp

98
Q

What is the hallmark microscopic lesion for TME

A

Vasculitis

Thrombosis AND septic infarction in the brain and other organs**

99
Q

Which infection is ascending from the trigeminal nerve?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

100
Q

Where does Listeria like to go?

A

Brain Stem!!!! medulla and pons

101
Q

Which bacteria is circumscribed collections of mononuclear cells?*****

A

listeria

102
Q

What causes glycosuria in lams?

A

Clostridium perfringes type D

103
Q

What causes enterotoxemia in lambs? What else is it called

A

Clostridium perfringes type D

Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia

104
Q

What are the patterns of Clostridium perfringes type D

A

Hemorrhage and softening of the BASAL GANGLIA,

Lysis and liquefactions of the white matter of the frontal gyri sparing only the U fibers.

105
Q

Edema dz is?

A

Enterotoxemic colibacillosis of pigs

Bilaterally symmetrical encephalomalacia

Path II (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions