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Path II > Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

C/S: Stress leukogram, hypertension, muscle wasting, weakness….what dz is coming to mind?

A

Cushings

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2
Q

C/S: Hypotension and cardiac failure, weakness, vomiting, anorexia–what dz are you thinking?

A

Addisons

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3
Q

What spp and age is hypercortisolism common in?

A

Old Dogs

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4
Q

What is the most common type of cushings?

A

Secondary Hyperadrenocortism-PDH

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5
Q

You find a lesion in the adrenal cortex that is a single nodule that is well demarcated, unilateral and yellow

What are you thinking?

A

Cortical Adenoma

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6
Q

What are your DDx for a nodule in the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

Nodular hyperplasia

adenoma

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7
Q

Lesion: bilateral and invading the vena cava or aorta, intraabdominal hemorrhage.

A

Cortical Carcinoma

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8
Q

Why would you have severe atrophy of the cortex in a carcinoma of the cortex?

A

Negative feedback inhibition of pituitary ACTH secretion by the increase in blood cortisol.

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9
Q

Lesion: Multiple, well-defined, yellow, spherical nodules in the cortex or attached to capsule. often bilateral.

A

Nodular Hyperplasia

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10
Q

What spp is nodular hyperplasia common in?

A

Old horses, dogs, cats and female ferrets

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11
Q

You see an animal with greater muscle mass, well developed crest, hypertrophy of clitoris and involution of mammary gland. What are you thinking and what spp is this common in?

A

Nodular hyerplasia of cortex in the female ferret

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12
Q

Lesion: Uniform, usually bilateral, enlargement of the adrenal cortices.

What causes this?

A

Diffuse cortical hyperplasia

Response to ACTH hyper-secretion from pituitary gland (adenoma)

or idiopathic

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13
Q

Lesion: Increase inner 2 zones–> marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of cells of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

A

Diffuse Cortical hyperplasia

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14
Q

Secondary hyperadrenocorticism path?

A

Increase in ACTH from a PT (PDH) causing bilateral cortical hyperplasia.

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15
Q

What are some examples of an Ectopic ACTH syndrome (paraneoplasia)

A

Small cell lung cancer

Carcinoid tumor

Thymomas

Pancreatic islet cell tumors

Medullary Carcinomas of the thyroid

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16
Q

C/S: PU/PD, polyphagia, osteoporosis, DM, obesity.

A

Hypercortisolism

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17
Q

A dog comes in with a hepatomegaly, and a pendulous abdomen and hair losss

A

Cushings

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18
Q

What does the acronym CUSHINGOID stand for?

A 
Cataracts
Ulcers
Skin
Hypertension/hirutism/hyperglycemia
Infection
Necrosis
Glycosuria
Osteoporosis/obesity
Immunosuppresion
Diabetes
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19
Q

What is the most common cause for primary hypoadrenocorticism?

Who is this common in?

A

Bilateral idiopathic adrenal cortical ATROPHY

Young to middle age female dogs

20
Q

What part of the adrenal gland does the bilateral idiopathic adrenal cortical atrophy occur?

A

ALL 3 CORTICAL

LAYERS

21
Q

What is another cause of primary hypoadrenocorticism and whats it due to?

A

Bilateral destruction of the adrenal glands due to

Adrenalitis, necrosis/infarction, hemorrhage, tumor

22
Q

Adrenalitis can cause what? and what are some causes of adrenalitis?

A

Bilateral destruction of the adrenal glands-hypoadrenocorticism

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites

23
Q

Lesion: Multifocal necrosis w/intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

Herpesvirus: adrenalitis

24
Q

Necrosuppurative adrenalitis can be caused by?

A

Gram negative Bacterias

25
Q

Granulomatous adrenalitis caused by?

A

Mycobacteria or fungi (crypto)

26
Q

What can toxoplasma gondii cause in the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenalitis

27
Q

Necrosis with an infiltration of histiocytes in the adrenal cortex of many spp is caused by?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

28
Q

The cortex is BIG and red, what does this signal and what could have caused it?

A

Hemorrhage!

Trauma in newborns

Severe Stress

Septicemia/toxemia

29
Q

What happens when you suddenly withdraw synthetic steroids after prolonged excessive administration?

Whats the adrenal gland going to look like?

Is this primary or secondary?

A

Iatrogenic Primary Hypoadrenocorticism

Small cortex

Primary cause

30
Q

What can cause a secondary hypoadrenocorticism

A

ACTH deficiency from destructive pituitary lesion

31
Q

What is the hallmark C/S of Addisons Dz

A

Hypokaluria Hyperkalemia

32
Q

In chronic cases of Addisons what are some c/s?

A

Hyperpigmentation from a primary adrenal failure. Adrenals put out less cortisol=pit responds by increasing ACTH derived from POMC–inc MSH

33
Q

What is a common dz in ferrets regarding the adrenal gland?

A

Functional proliferative neoplasms.

34
Q

What ways can the adrenal gland enlarge with functional proliferative lesions?

A

Bilaterally: diffuse or nodular hyperplasia

Unilateral adrenal cortical adenoma or carcinoma

35
Q

You have an animal come in with bilaterally symmetrical alopecia on the ventral abdomen and medial aspects of rear legs, PU/PD and increased plasma conc of estradiol-17B
WHat are you thinking and what spp?

A

Fx prol lesion in a ferret

36
Q

What other c/s can you see in fx prol lesions in ferrets?

A

Vulvular enlargement
Palpable mass at the cranial pole of the kidneys (left>right)
Anemia-thrombocytopenia

37
Q

What are some common causes of hyperaldosteronism in cats?

A

Adrenocortical carcinoma

adenoma

hyperplasia

38
Q

What have an older cat that comes into the clinic with systemic hypertension, muscle weakness with hypernatremia and marked hypokalemia…what ya thinking?

A

HyPERaldosteronism

39
Q

What does the adrenal medulla consist of?

A

Pheochromocytes and a few ganglion cells

40
Q

Conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine is ____ dependent?

A

Cortisol

41
Q

Is the adrenal medulla essential for life?

A

NO

42
Q

What is the most common neoplasm of the adrenal medulla?

A

Pheochromocytoma

43
Q

Where can extraadrenal pheochromacytomas occur at?

A

Abdomen

44
Q

Lesion of a pheochromocytoma?

Is this a functional neoplasm?

A

Large, light brown to yellow-red. Unilateral or bilateral
encapsulated but can invade the vena cava and metastasize extensively.

Rare functional

45
Q

Ateriolar sclerosis and widespread medial hyperplasia of arterioles have been reported in dogs with what? Which a paroxysmal hypertension?

A

Pheochromocytoma

46
Q

What stain do you use to Dx Pheochromocytomas?

A

Potassium dichromate or iodate to a freshly cut surface

should turn dark brown in 5-20 mins

Path II (12 decks)

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