Respiratory Flashcards
Where does detoxification occur in the lungs?
Bronchioles-clara cells
What kind of microbes pathogens are there?
Viruses
Bacteria
Chlamydia–which I thought was a bacteria…so I dunno why this is its own thing
Fungi
Parasites
What kind of plant dusts harm the lungs?
Grain
Flour
Cotton
Wood
Animal products that can harm the lungs?
Dander
Feathers
Toxic gases that can harm the lungs?
Ammonia
HS
NO2
SO2
Cl
What kind of chemicals can effect the lungs
Organic and inorganic elements
herbicides
asbestos
nickel
lead
What are your two main defense mechanisms of the resp sys
Aerogenous
Hematogenous
What are the main mechanisms involved in clearance?
Sneezing
Coughing
Muco-ciliary effect
Phagocytosis
What are the bacteria that are resistant to killing by Macs?
Mycobacterium
Rhodococcus
Listeria
Which spp has pulmonary intravascular macs as their defense to blood borne agents?
Ruminants
Pigs
Cats
Horses
Which spp have kupffer cells and splenic macs as their defense against blood borne agents?
Dogs
Rodents
Humans
How is rhinitis characterized?
The nature of the exudate
What does Bovine Herpes cause?
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
When is infectious bovine rhinotracheitis life threatening?
When cattle become secondarily infected with M hemolytica
What kind of lesion does IBR cause?
Serous to mucopurulent exudate from the nose
Ulcers and Fibrinonecrotic membranes, extending to the pharynx, larynx and trachea***
Nasal granulomas are caused by? and what do the lesions look like?
Various etiological agents
Polypoid nodules
Soft, pink and bleed easily
What are the 3 viruses that cause nasal dz in horses?
Equine viral rhinopneumonitis
Equine Influenza
Equine viral arteritis
Which equine virus causes serous and mucopurulent rhinits with a palpebral edema and hemorrhage in various tissues
Equine viral arteritis
Which equine virus causes edematous swelling of the pharyngeal lymph nodes along with ulceration and necrosis of resp epithelium
Equine viral rhinopneumonitis
Equine viral rhinopneumonitis etiology?
Equine Herpes Virus 4
Etiology of Equine Influzena
Orthomyxovirus type A
Which equine virus is not usually seen in the nasal passages?
Equine Influenza
What is the bacteria that causes nasal cavity dz in horses?
Strangles
Etiology of Strangles?
Streptococcus equi equi
A horse presents to you with bilateral suppurative rhinits and lymphadenitis
Strangles, strep equi
What are some of the consequences of Strangles
Extension into the PARANASAL SINUSES and GUTTURAL POUCH, facial paralysis, horners syndrome, and purpura hemorrhagica
What are the 2 nasal virus’ of the cat?
Feline virus rhinotracheitis
Feline calicivirus
Which feline nasal virus also causes hepatic necrosis, abortion and stillborns, ulcerative keratitis
Rhinotracheitis
Etiology of FVR
Feline herpesvirus 1
Which feline nasal virus causes ulcers of the tongue and hard palate?
Calicivirus
What are the agents that can cause Feline Respiratory Disease Complex -5
FCV FVR Chlamydia Mycoplasma FIP
What are the 2 nasal cavity diseases in pigs?
Inclusion body rhinitis
Atrophic Rhinitis
What does porcine cytomegalovirus cause?
Inlcusion body rhinitis
What age does inclusion body rhinitis occur?
pigs up to 10wks of age
How old are pigs that get atrophic rhinitis
Over the age of two
Which disease of the nasal cavity in pigs is slow growing with a retarded growth of snout
Atrophic rhinits
Where will you find the INIB of inclusion body rhinitis?
In the nasal gland epithelium
What kind of lesions does inclusion body rhinitis cause?
Necrotizing and non suppurative
Whats it called when there is permanent abnormal dilation of bronchi
Bronchiectasis
What are the 2 types of bronchiectasis
Saccular
Cylindrical
Which type of bronchiectasis is mostly the entire length of bronchus?
Cylindrical
Which nerve is paralyzed in roaring?
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
What are the common causes for laryngeal paralysis?
Mycosis of guttural pouch
retropharyngeal abscess
neoplasm involving cervical lymph glands
injury and inflammatory lesions in the neck
emphysema of guttural pouch
What affliction has intermittent epistaxis due to erosion of the wall of the internal carotid or branches of external carotid?
Mycosis of guttural pouch
Etiology of mycosis of guttural pouch
Aspergillus fumigatus
What is another common sign of mycosis of guttural pouch?
Dysphagia
horners syndrome
laryngeal nerve paralysis
When a horse has non painful swelling in the parotid region, what do you suspect?
at what age do you see this?
Guttural pouch tympany
birth to 1 yr
Incomplete obstruction of bronchioles and alveoli causing alveolar emphysema in horses is
COPD in horses
Feline asthma is what type of hypersensitivity?
Type 1 hypersensitivity
What is the word for empty alveoli which do not contain air?
What are the two types
Atelectasis
Congenital
Acquired
Whats is called when there is an obstruction of airways due to muconeum, aspirate, and amniotic?
Congenital atelectasis
What about a pneumothorax, hydrothorax, bloat, or neoplasm causing compression-what does this cause?
An aquired compressive atelectasis
What happens when you have exudate, parasites, neoplasms or foreign bodies that cause the lungs to not be filled with air?
Obstructive acquired atelectasis
What does the lung tissue in atelectasis look like?
Dark red, flabby, and depressed below the surface of surrounding lung
What is the condition where air is in the tissues?
Emphysema
What causes emphysema in the lung?
Incompletely closed bronchioles
What is it called when you get air collection in the connective tissue of the lungs?
Interstitial emphysema
What are some causes of interstitial emphysema
When death is followed by violent efforts in anoxia
during quick loss of blood in trauma, slaughter of fully conscious animals
Death after protracted illness
What are causes of pulmonary edema
Factors increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure
Factors increasing permeability of the air-blood barrier
What are some factors that can cause increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and ultimately pulmonary edema?
Inc left atrial pressure in left sided or bilateral cardiac failure
In excessive fluid transfusion
Pulmonary venus occlusion
What are the factors that increase permeability of the air blood barrier?
Inhalation of corosive gases
infectious agents
systemic toxins
anaphylaxis in certain spp as the horse and cow
What will the lesions of pulm edema?
Lungs are wet, heavy and do NOT collapse when thorax is opened.
Edema fluid varies depending on the type of edema
Pulmonary hypertension is what?
an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance
What does sustained pulm hypertension result in?
inc pressure load to right ventricle w/compensatory RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY and ultimately right heart failure.
What causes secondary pulm hypertension?
Cardiac dz: left sided heart failure.
Septal defects
Left to R shunt
What type of pneumonia is most common in domestic animals?
Bronchopneum
Where is the origin of bronchopneum and does it spread, and if so where to?
origin: bronchioles
spread: to alveoli
What are the 2 main reasons for BP
bacteria & mycoplasma
Aspiration of feed and gastric contents
Where is the distribution of BP?
Cranio-ventral part of the lung**
What are the kinds of bronchopneumonia?
Suppurative/lobular
fibrinous/lobar
What are the possible factors for BP to the cranioventral part of lung?
Shortness and abrupt branching of bronchioles
Gravitational sedimentation of the exudate
deposition of infectious agent in the 1 bronchus
regional differences in ventilation
BP is _____consolidation of cranioventral region of lung
irregular consolidation
What are the exceptions to the cranioventral BP?
- Bovine resp syncytial virus–typically induce a cranioventral pattern of bronchoINTERSTITAL pneumonia
- Lesion of BP caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and Actinobacillus suis affects the middle and caudal lobes
- In dogs and cats a patchy distribution throughout the lung in not uncommon in addition to BP
Suppurative Bronchopneumonia has what kind of pattern?
cranioventral involvement with suppurative/mucopurulent exudate.
LOBULAR in pattern,
MOSAIC appearance with red and grey coloration
What does suppurative BP look like microscopically
Neuts, Macs, Cell debris in alveoli and lumen of air passages
What are your 4 types of Pneumonia
Broncho (supp, fibrin)
Interstitial
Embolic
Granulomatous
Fibrinous BP looks like?
Starts as lobuolar but involves the part or complete lobe.
more fibrinous than neutrophillc
What is Fibrinous BP a result of?
More severe injury, strong pathogens
What are your pathogens that cause fibrinous BP
Cattle: M hemolytica, mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides, hemophillus somnus.
Swine: P multocida, A. pleuropneumonia
Sheep and Goats: M hemolytica, Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides
What are the lesions for fibrinous BP
Accumulation on pleural surfaces, septa, alveoli and thoracic cavity. also of fibrin in interlobular septa which gives the marbled appearance
What predisposes to aspiration pneumonia
any cause of dysphagia or regurgitation including pharyngeal paralysis and megaesophagus.
What is an inflammatory process confined to alveolar walls and alveolar interstitium?
Interstitial pneumonia
What can IP result from?
Aerogenous injury to alveolar epithelium
Hematogenous injury to alveolar capillaries
Acute IP begins with injury to which cell?
Type 1 pneumocyte or alveolar capillary endothelium
Acute phase of IP is generally followed by and characterized by
Proliferative phase characterized by hyperplasia of pneumocytes 2
As a result of the proliferative phase in IP what happens?
Alveolar walls become more thickened and the lungs do not collapse on opening the thorax.
What are the important features of IP?
Failure of lungs to collapse when opening the thoracic cavity
Occasional presence of rib impressions on the lungs
lack of visible exudate in the lung and have a meaty appearance
lungs are heavy and texture is elastic or rubbery
color varies from diffusely red to pale grey
What are the lesions of IP?
more widely distributed and generally involve the WHOLE LUNG.
What is the term for pulmonary lesions that share features of BP and IP?
bronchointerstitial pneumonia
When would you see BIP?
many viral infections in which virus causes injury to bronchial AND alveolar cells
Embolic pneumonia can arise from which 2 causes?
BP: abscesss are large, isolated confined to cv part of the lung and are seen extending from the bronchial tree
Metastatic from septic emboli arrested in pulmonary vessels.
Sources of septic emboli
Rupture of hepatic abscesses
infected jugular catheter
valvular endocarditis
pulmonary thromboemboli
What are the 2 types of granulomatous pneumonia?
infectious: bact, fungi, parasites
non infectious: inert substances
What are the fungi responsible for gran pneum?
coccidioides immitis
blastomyces dermatidis
histoplasma capsulatum
What are the bacteria that will cause Gran Pneum?
mycobacterium spp
rodoccocus
What is the one viral cause for Gran Pneum,
what else can cause gran pneum?
FIP
inhaled FB
parasites
What is Bovine Respiratory Dz and what does it include
A clinical term
Enzootic pneumonia of calves
bacterial pneumonia (m hemolytica, histophilus somnus, pasturella multocida)
Resp viral infections
What causes enzootic pneum of calves?
variety of etiological agents.
start with viral, then secondary bacteria and maybe mycoplasma
What is the lesion that you will see with calf pneum?
suppurative bronchopneumonia
What bacteria is important in feedlot cattle in USA
Shipping fever
What is the etiologic agent of shipping fever
manheimia hemolytica serotype 1
Where does Shipping fever start, what can make a cow susceptible to this dz?
it colonizes the nasopharynx
weaning, transport, crowding, starvation, HERPES VIRUS
When can shipping fever be seen in calves?
3 days to 3 weeks after exposure of the stress
What causes actue fibrinous BP?
Shipping Fever
you will see fibrin tags
Where else does Shipping fever go to in the body
liver, heart
Respiratory histophilosis causes what type of lesion
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia similar to pasteurollosis
Etiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides SMALL COLONY
What is the lesion of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
fibrinous bp which is usually unilateral restricted to caudal lobes
What is a bacteria recently ID in the Europe and USA and is a component of the enzootic pneumonia of young calves
Mycoplasma bovis
Where is M bovis secreted/shed
Secretions of resp tract, genital tract, and mammary glands from the infected animals
What kind of lesion for M bovis?
Suppurative bronchopneumonia
What are the different etiologies of Tuberculosis and what is the lesion?
M bovis, M tuberculosis, M avium
Small caseated granulomas
What happens when the forage changes to lush green grass?
How long does it take to see these signs
This grass is high in L tryptophane-metabolized in rumen to 3 methylindol which is then absorbed into the blood.
This metabolizes to a highly pneumotoxic product by the CLARA CELLS.
10-14 days after moving to a lush pasture
Where is Acute bovine pulmonary edema toxic to
The Type 1 Pneumoncytes
bronchial and endothelial cells
What are the lesions for Acute bovine pulmonary edema
diffuse interstitial pneumonia and edema
What is the etiology of Porcine enzootic pneumonia
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
hyo prefix is usually referencing to a pig….soooo this makes since
At what age can you start to see clinical signs of porcine enzootic pneum
as young as 5 months
What lesions cause BIP that affects the cranial, middle and cranioventral part of caudal lobes in a pig
Porcine enzootic pneumonia
Pasturella multocida causes what in pigs?
Porcine pneumonic pasteurellosis
fatal pneumonia in weaner and finisher pigs
suppurative bp
fibrinous pleuritis may be present
What normal respiratory bacteria doesn’t cause resp signs in swine but abortions
M hemolytica
Porcine pleuropneumonia etiology?
age?
Lesion
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
6wks-6mo-old hogs
Fibrinous BP in middle or caudal lung lobes
Which bacteria causing pneumonia is zoonosis in pigs
Streptococcal suis type 2
PRRS etiological agent and what does it predispose for
Arterivirus
Predisposing factor for bacterial pneumonia and septicemia
How does PRRS spread
What are the lesions
Reproductive failure, late term abortions, stillbirths, mummification, weak born piglets.
Interstitial pneumonia
Generalized lymphadenopathy
PMWS etiology
age, signs, lesions
Porcine circovirus type 2
12 wk old
Gain poorly, show resp distress
Interstitial pneumonia
What are some of the etiological agents of parasitic pneumonia of pigs
Metastrongylus apri
M salmi
M pudendotectus
Where do the parasitic worms live in the pig and what will the lungs show
Live in the bronchi/bronchioles
Lungs: catarrhal bronchitis show lymphoid hyperplasia and grey nodules on ventral surface
What is the etiology and lesions for ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis
And what are the other names?
M hemolytica biotype A
fibrinous bronchopneumonia
Shipping Fever, Ovine pneumonic manheimiosis
Chronic enzootic pneumonia of sheep and goats lesions
Peribronchial lymphoid hyperplasia, alveolar fibrosis
What causes a disease exclusively in goats that is wide spread in the US-whats the etiological agent
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
Mycoplasma mycoides spp mycoides LARGE COLONY and mycoplasma mycoides ssp capri
What etiology causes contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
Myoplasma capricolum spp capripneumonia
What is the lesion for Caprine pleuropneumonia
Fibrinous pleuropneumonia
What are the other names for Maedi-Visna?
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia
Etiology of Maedi? C/S? Lesions
Lentivirus
Resp distress and weight loss
Encephalitis
Interstitial Pneumonia-without alveolar hyperplasia
Extensive hyperplasia of lymph tissue in the
Etiologic agent of CAE
lesion
Retrovirus
interstitial pneumonia
What can cause mortality in 2-4 mo foals that are immunocompromised?
What is the lesion
Rhodococcosis
Bronchopneumonia
-pyogranulomatous pneumonia
abscesses in LN and ulcerative enterolitis
What bacteria can cause Cervical Lymphadenitis in cattle and has been sporadically incriminated to infect goats, dogs, cats and pigs and causes pneumonia in immuno-comprimised humans?
Rhodococcus
What are the 3 causes of mycotic pneumonia in dogs?
Bastomycosis
Coccidiodomycosis
Histoplasmosis
What is the etiology of blastomycosis in dogs, who does it frequently infect and what are the lesions?
B. dermatitidis
Outdoor and hunting dogs
Multifocal pyogranulomas
Etiology of Coccidiodomycosis? Other name for it
Lesions?
Coccidioides immitis
San Joaquin Valley fever
Lesions are in lungs (pyogranulomatous), skin, LN
Etiology of Histoplasmosis
Lesions
Histoplasma capsulatum
Variable sized firm granulomas occasionally diffuse involvement of the lungs
What are the toxic pneumonias a dog can get, lesions
Paraquat-necrosis of alveolar Type 1 cells and injury to BAB through free radical release
Uremic pneumonopathy-pulm edema, calcification of smooth muscles and alveolar walls in the lungs-making them gritty and the lungs dont collapse
What are the 3 routes for fetal pneumonia? and their lesions
Contaminated meconium–bronchopneumonia but diffusely distributed
organisms reaching lungs through amniotic fluid-suppurative BP
organisms reaching lungs through blood-interstitial pneumonia
Where do primary tumors of the lungs originate from? Where do they metastasize to
epithelium- bronchiolar or bronchioalveolar
LN, kidneys, lier, brain, heart, bones
Secondary tumors have a higher incidence or lower incidence compared to primary? What differentiates them from primary?
Higher incidence
These are metastatic tumor
They are multiple, variable in size and radiating.
What is a neoplastic dz arising from the cells of the alveoli and bronchioles?
Etiology
Pulmonary adenomatosis
The pneumocyte II are in the alveolar
The clara cells are in the bronchioles
Type B and D retrovirus
Microscopically what do pulmonary adenomatosis look like?
Lesions
Columnar or cuboidal cells lining the alveoli and bronchioles
Small 1mm to 1cm sized nodules, soft, grey projecting from the lung surface, diffusely in both lungs
