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Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Where does detoxification occur in the lungs?

A

Bronchioles-clara cells

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2
Q

What kind of microbes pathogens are there?

A

Viruses

Bacteria

Chlamydia–which I thought was a bacteria…so I dunno why this is its own thing

Fungi

Parasites

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3
Q

What kind of plant dusts harm the lungs?

A

Grain

Flour

Cotton

Wood

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4
Q

Animal products that can harm the lungs?

A

Dander

Feathers

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5
Q

Toxic gases that can harm the lungs?

A

Ammonia

HS

NO2

SO2

Cl

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6
Q

What kind of chemicals can effect the lungs

A

Organic and inorganic elements

herbicides

asbestos

nickel

lead

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7
Q

What are your two main defense mechanisms of the resp sys

A

Aerogenous

Hematogenous

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8
Q

What are the main mechanisms involved in clearance?

A

Sneezing

Coughing

Muco-ciliary effect

Phagocytosis

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9
Q

What are the bacteria that are resistant to killing by Macs?

A

Mycobacterium

Rhodococcus

Listeria

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10
Q

Which spp has pulmonary intravascular macs as their defense to blood borne agents?

A

Ruminants

Pigs

Cats

Horses

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11
Q

Which spp have kupffer cells and splenic macs as their defense against blood borne agents?

A

Dogs

Rodents

Humans

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12
Q

How is rhinitis characterized?

A

The nature of the exudate

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13
Q

What does Bovine Herpes cause?

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

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14
Q

When is infectious bovine rhinotracheitis life threatening?

A

When cattle become secondarily infected with M hemolytica

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15
Q

What kind of lesion does IBR cause?

A

Serous to mucopurulent exudate from the nose

Ulcers and Fibrinonecrotic membranes, extending to the pharynx, larynx and trachea***

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16
Q

Nasal granulomas are caused by? and what do the lesions look like?

A

Various etiological agents

Polypoid nodules

Soft, pink and bleed easily

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17
Q

What are the 3 viruses that cause nasal dz in horses?

A

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis

Equine Influenza

Equine viral arteritis

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18
Q

Which equine virus causes serous and mucopurulent rhinits with a palpebral edema and hemorrhage in various tissues

A

Equine viral arteritis

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19
Q

Which equine virus causes edematous swelling of the pharyngeal lymph nodes along with ulceration and necrosis of resp epithelium

A

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis

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20
Q

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis etiology?

A

Equine Herpes Virus 4

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21
Q

Etiology of Equine Influzena

A

Orthomyxovirus type A

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22
Q

Which equine virus is not usually seen in the nasal passages?

A

Equine Influenza

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23
Q

What is the bacteria that causes nasal cavity dz in horses?

A

Strangles

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24
Q

Etiology of Strangles?

A

Streptococcus equi equi

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25
A horse presents to you with bilateral suppurative rhinits and lymphadenitis
Strangles, strep equi
26
What are some of the consequences of Strangles
Extension into the PARANASAL SINUSES and GUTTURAL POUCH, facial paralysis, horners syndrome, and purpura hemorrhagica
27
What are the 2 nasal virus' of the cat?
Feline virus rhinotracheitis Feline calicivirus
28
Which feline nasal virus also causes hepatic necrosis, abortion and stillborns, ulcerative keratitis
Rhinotracheitis
29
Etiology of FVR
Feline herpesvirus 1
30
Which feline nasal virus causes ulcers of the tongue and hard palate?
Calicivirus
31
What are the agents that can cause Feline Respiratory Disease Complex -5
``` FCV FVR Chlamydia Mycoplasma FIP ```
32
What are the 2 nasal cavity diseases in pigs?
Inclusion body rhinitis Atrophic Rhinitis
33
What does porcine cytomegalovirus cause?
Inlcusion body rhinitis
34
What age does inclusion body rhinitis occur?
pigs up to 10wks of age
35
How old are pigs that get atrophic rhinitis
Over the age of two
36
Which disease of the nasal cavity in pigs is slow growing with a retarded growth of snout
Atrophic rhinits
37
Where will you find the INIB of inclusion body rhinitis?
In the nasal gland epithelium
38
What kind of lesions does inclusion body rhinitis cause?
Necrotizing and non suppurative
39
Whats it called when there is permanent abnormal dilation of bronchi
Bronchiectasis
40
What are the 2 types of bronchiectasis
Saccular Cylindrical
41
Which type of bronchiectasis is mostly the entire length of bronchus?
Cylindrical
42
Which nerve is paralyzed in roaring?
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
43
What are the common causes for laryngeal paralysis?
Mycosis of guttural pouch retropharyngeal abscess neoplasm involving cervical lymph glands injury and inflammatory lesions in the neck emphysema of guttural pouch
44
What affliction has intermittent epistaxis due to erosion of the wall of the internal carotid or branches of external carotid?
Mycosis of guttural pouch
45
Etiology of mycosis of guttural pouch
Aspergillus fumigatus
46
What is another common sign of mycosis of guttural pouch?
Dysphagia horners syndrome laryngeal nerve paralysis
47
When a horse has non painful swelling in the parotid region, what do you suspect? at what age do you see this?
Guttural pouch tympany birth to 1 yr
48
Incomplete obstruction of bronchioles and alveoli causing alveolar emphysema in horses is
COPD in horses
49
Feline asthma is what type of hypersensitivity?
Type 1 hypersensitivity
50
What is the word for empty alveoli which do not contain air? What are the two types
Atelectasis Congenital Acquired
51
Whats is called when there is an obstruction of airways due to muconeum, aspirate, and amniotic?
Congenital atelectasis
52
What about a pneumothorax, hydrothorax, bloat, or neoplasm causing compression-what does this cause?
An aquired compressive atelectasis
53
What happens when you have exudate, parasites, neoplasms or foreign bodies that cause the lungs to not be filled with air?
Obstructive acquired atelectasis
54
What does the lung tissue in atelectasis look like?
Dark red, flabby, and depressed below the surface of surrounding lung
55
What is the condition where air is in the tissues?
Emphysema
56
What causes emphysema in the lung?
Incompletely closed bronchioles
57
What is it called when you get air collection in the connective tissue of the lungs?
Interstitial emphysema
58
What are some causes of interstitial emphysema
When death is followed by violent efforts in anoxia during quick loss of blood in trauma, slaughter of fully conscious animals Death after protracted illness
59
What are causes of pulmonary edema
Factors increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure Factors increasing permeability of the air-blood barrier
60
What are some factors that can cause increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and ultimately pulmonary edema?
Inc left atrial pressure in left sided or bilateral cardiac failure In excessive fluid transfusion Pulmonary venus occlusion
61
What are the factors that increase permeability of the air blood barrier?
Inhalation of corosive gases infectious agents systemic toxins anaphylaxis in certain spp as the horse and cow
62
What will the lesions of pulm edema?
Lungs are wet, heavy and do NOT collapse when thorax is opened. Edema fluid varies depending on the type of edema
63
Pulmonary hypertension is what?
an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance
64
What does sustained pulm hypertension result in?
inc pressure load to right ventricle w/compensatory RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY and ultimately right heart failure.
65
What causes secondary pulm hypertension?
Cardiac dz: left sided heart failure. Septal defects Left to R shunt
66
What type of pneumonia is most common in domestic animals?
Bronchopneum
67
Where is the origin of bronchopneum and does it spread, and if so where to?
origin: bronchioles spread: to alveoli
68
What are the 2 main reasons for BP
bacteria & mycoplasma Aspiration of feed and gastric contents
69
Where is the distribution of BP?
Cranio-ventral part of the lung****
70
What are the kinds of bronchopneumonia?
Suppurative/lobular fibrinous/lobar
71
What are the possible factors for BP to the cranioventral part of lung?
Shortness and abrupt branching of bronchioles Gravitational sedimentation of the exudate deposition of infectious agent in the 1 bronchus regional differences in ventilation
72
BP is _____consolidation of cranioventral region of lung
irregular consolidation
73
What are the exceptions to the cranioventral BP?
1. Bovine resp syncytial virus--typically induce a cranioventral pattern of bronchoINTERSTITAL pneumonia 2. Lesion of BP caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and Actinobacillus suis affects the middle and caudal lobes 3. In dogs and cats a patchy distribution throughout the lung in not uncommon in addition to BP
74
Suppurative Bronchopneumonia has what kind of pattern?
cranioventral involvement with suppurative/mucopurulent exudate. LOBULAR in pattern, MOSAIC appearance with red and grey coloration
75
What does suppurative BP look like microscopically
Neuts, Macs, Cell debris in alveoli and lumen of air passages
76
What are your 4 types of Pneumonia
Broncho (supp, fibrin) Interstitial Embolic Granulomatous
77
Fibrinous BP looks like?
Starts as lobuolar but involves the part or complete lobe. more fibrinous than neutrophillc
78
What is Fibrinous BP a result of?
More severe injury, strong pathogens
79
What are your pathogens that cause fibrinous BP
Cattle: M hemolytica, mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides, hemophillus somnus. Swine: P multocida, A. pleuropneumonia Sheep and Goats: M hemolytica, Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides
80
What are the lesions for fibrinous BP
Accumulation on pleural surfaces, septa, alveoli and thoracic cavity. also of fibrin in interlobular septa which gives the marbled appearance
81
What predisposes to aspiration pneumonia
any cause of dysphagia or regurgitation including pharyngeal paralysis and megaesophagus.
82
What is an inflammatory process confined to alveolar walls and alveolar interstitium?
Interstitial pneumonia
83
What can IP result from?
Aerogenous injury to alveolar epithelium Hematogenous injury to alveolar capillaries
84
Acute IP begins with injury to which cell?
Type 1 pneumocyte or alveolar capillary endothelium
85
Acute phase of IP is generally followed by and characterized by
Proliferative phase characterized by hyperplasia of pneumocytes 2
86
As a result of the proliferative phase in IP what happens?
Alveolar walls become more thickened and the lungs do not collapse on opening the thorax.
87
What are the important features of IP?
Failure of lungs to collapse when opening the thoracic cavity Occasional presence of rib impressions on the lungs lack of visible exudate in the lung and have a meaty appearance lungs are heavy and texture is elastic or rubbery color varies from diffusely red to pale grey
88
What are the lesions of IP?
more widely distributed and generally involve the WHOLE LUNG.
89
What is the term for pulmonary lesions that share features of BP and IP?
bronchointerstitial pneumonia
90
When would you see BIP?
many viral infections in which virus causes injury to bronchial AND alveolar cells
91
Embolic pneumonia can arise from which 2 causes?
BP: abscesss are large, isolated confined to cv part of the lung and are seen extending from the bronchial tree Metastatic from septic emboli arrested in pulmonary vessels.
92
Sources of septic emboli
Rupture of hepatic abscesses infected jugular catheter valvular endocarditis pulmonary thromboemboli
93
What are the 2 types of granulomatous pneumonia?
infectious: bact, fungi, parasites non infectious: inert substances
94
What are the fungi responsible for gran pneum?
coccidioides immitis blastomyces dermatidis histoplasma capsulatum
95
What are the bacteria that will cause Gran Pneum?
mycobacterium spp rodoccocus
96
What is the one viral cause for Gran Pneum, what else can cause gran pneum?
FIP inhaled FB parasites
97
What is Bovine Respiratory Dz and what does it include
A clinical term Enzootic pneumonia of calves bacterial pneumonia (m hemolytica, histophilus somnus, pasturella multocida) Resp viral infections
98
What causes enzootic pneum of calves?
variety of etiological agents. start with viral, then secondary bacteria and maybe mycoplasma
99
What is the lesion that you will see with calf pneum?
suppurative bronchopneumonia
100
What bacteria is important in feedlot cattle in USA
Shipping fever
101
What is the etiologic agent of shipping fever
manheimia hemolytica serotype 1
102
Where does Shipping fever start, what can make a cow susceptible to this dz?
it colonizes the nasopharynx weaning, transport, crowding, starvation, HERPES VIRUS
103
When can shipping fever be seen in calves?
3 days to 3 weeks after exposure of the stress
104
What causes actue fibrinous BP?
Shipping Fever you will see fibrin tags
105
Where else does Shipping fever go to in the body
liver, heart
106
Respiratory histophilosis causes what type of lesion
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia similar to pasteurollosis
107
Etiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides SMALL COLONY
108
What is the lesion of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
fibrinous bp which is usually unilateral restricted to caudal lobes
109
What is a bacteria recently ID in the Europe and USA and is a component of the enzootic pneumonia of young calves
Mycoplasma bovis
110
Where is M bovis secreted/shed
Secretions of resp tract, genital tract, and mammary glands from the infected animals
111
What kind of lesion for M bovis?
Suppurative bronchopneumonia
112
What are the different etiologies of Tuberculosis and what is the lesion?
M bovis, M tuberculosis, M avium Small caseated granulomas
113
What happens when the forage changes to lush green grass? How long does it take to see these signs
This grass is high in L tryptophane-metabolized in rumen to 3 methylindol which is then absorbed into the blood. This metabolizes to a highly pneumotoxic product by the CLARA CELLS. 10-14 days after moving to a lush pasture
114
Where is Acute bovine pulmonary edema toxic to
The Type 1 Pneumoncytes bronchial and endothelial cells
115
What are the lesions for Acute bovine pulmonary edema
diffuse interstitial pneumonia and edema
116
What is the etiology of Porcine enzootic pneumonia
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae hyo prefix is usually referencing to a pig....soooo this makes since
117
At what age can you start to see clinical signs of porcine enzootic pneum
as young as 5 months
118
What lesions cause BIP that affects the cranial, middle and cranioventral part of caudal lobes in a pig
Porcine enzootic pneumonia
119
Pasturella multocida causes what in pigs?
Porcine pneumonic pasteurellosis fatal pneumonia in weaner and finisher pigs suppurative bp fibrinous pleuritis may be present
120
What normal respiratory bacteria doesn't cause resp signs in swine but abortions
M hemolytica
121
Porcine pleuropneumonia etiology? age? Lesion
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia 6wks-6mo-old hogs Fibrinous BP in middle or caudal lung lobes
122
Which bacteria causing pneumonia is zoonosis in pigs
Streptococcal suis type 2
123
PRRS etiological agent and what does it predispose for
Arterivirus Predisposing factor for bacterial pneumonia and septicemia
124
How does PRRS spread What are the lesions
Reproductive failure, late term abortions, stillbirths, mummification, weak born piglets. Interstitial pneumonia Generalized lymphadenopathy
125
PMWS etiology | age, signs, lesions
Porcine circovirus type 2 12 wk old Gain poorly, show resp distress Interstitial pneumonia
126
What are some of the etiological agents of parasitic pneumonia of pigs
Metastrongylus apri M salmi M pudendotectus
127
Where do the parasitic worms live in the pig and what will the lungs show
Live in the bronchi/bronchioles Lungs: catarrhal bronchitis show lymphoid hyperplasia and grey nodules on ventral surface
128
What is the etiology and lesions for ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis And what are the other names?
M hemolytica biotype A fibrinous bronchopneumonia Shipping Fever, Ovine pneumonic manheimiosis
129
Chronic enzootic pneumonia of sheep and goats lesions
Peribronchial lymphoid hyperplasia, alveolar fibrosis
130
What causes a disease exclusively in goats that is wide spread in the US-whats the etiological agent
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia Mycoplasma mycoides spp mycoides LARGE COLONY and mycoplasma mycoides ssp capri
131
What etiology causes contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
Myoplasma capricolum spp capripneumonia
132
What is the lesion for Caprine pleuropneumonia
Fibrinous pleuropneumonia
133
What are the other names for Maedi-Visna?
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia
134
Etiology of Maedi? C/S? Lesions
Lentivirus Resp distress and weight loss Encephalitis Interstitial Pneumonia-without alveolar hyperplasia Extensive hyperplasia of lymph tissue in the
135
Etiologic agent of CAE lesion
Retrovirus interstitial pneumonia
136
What can cause mortality in 2-4 mo foals that are immunocompromised? What is the lesion
Rhodococcosis Bronchopneumonia -pyogranulomatous pneumonia abscesses in LN and ulcerative enterolitis
137
What bacteria can cause Cervical Lymphadenitis in cattle and has been sporadically incriminated to infect goats, dogs, cats and pigs and causes pneumonia in immuno-comprimised humans?
Rhodococcus
138
What are the 3 causes of mycotic pneumonia in dogs?
Bastomycosis Coccidiodomycosis Histoplasmosis
139
What is the etiology of blastomycosis in dogs, who does it frequently infect and what are the lesions?
B. dermatitidis Outdoor and hunting dogs Multifocal pyogranulomas
140
Etiology of Coccidiodomycosis? Other name for it | Lesions?
Coccidioides immitis San Joaquin Valley fever Lesions are in lungs (pyogranulomatous), skin, LN
141
Etiology of Histoplasmosis | Lesions
Histoplasma capsulatum Variable sized firm granulomas occasionally diffuse involvement of the lungs
142
What are the toxic pneumonias a dog can get, lesions
Paraquat-necrosis of alveolar Type 1 cells and injury to BAB through free radical release Uremic pneumonopathy-pulm edema, calcification of smooth muscles and alveolar walls in the lungs-making them gritty and the lungs dont collapse
143
What are the 3 routes for fetal pneumonia? and their lesions
Contaminated meconium--bronchopneumonia but diffusely distributed organisms reaching lungs through amniotic fluid-suppurative BP organisms reaching lungs through blood-interstitial pneumonia
144
Where do primary tumors of the lungs originate from? Where do they metastasize to
epithelium- bronchiolar or bronchioalveolar LN, kidneys, lier, brain, heart, bones
145
Secondary tumors have a higher incidence or lower incidence compared to primary? What differentiates them from primary?
Higher incidence These are metastatic tumor They are multiple, variable in size and radiating.
146
What is a neoplastic dz arising from the cells of the alveoli and bronchioles? Etiology
Pulmonary adenomatosis The pneumocyte II are in the alveolar The clara cells are in the bronchioles Type B and D retrovirus
147
Microscopically what do pulmonary adenomatosis look like? Lesions
Columnar or cuboidal cells lining the alveoli and bronchioles Small 1mm to 1cm sized nodules, soft, grey projecting from the lung surface, diffusely in both lungs

Path II (12 decks)

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