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Path II > Female Repro > Flashcards

Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the male and female tubular reproductive organs?

A

Wolffian tubules/ducts and Mullerian ducts

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2
Q

What part of the primordial germ cells migrate in to form the ovary?

A

Cortex

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3
Q

What part of the primordial germ cells migrate in to form the testis?

A

Medulla

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4
Q

What does the wolffian tubule and ducts form in the male and

Mullerian ducts in the female?

A

Male: Epididymus,
ductus deferens,
seminal vesicles,
ampulla

Female: Oviducts, uterus, cervix, anterior vagina

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5
Q

What does the urogenital sinus form in the male and female

A

Prostate
bulbourethral glands

Caudal Vagina

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6
Q

What does the gential tuburcle form in the male and female

A

Penis

Clitoris

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7
Q

What does the genital folds form in the male and female

A

prepuce

Vulva

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8
Q

What do the genital swellings form?

A

Scrotum

Vulva

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9
Q

Do males or female differentiate early on?

A

Males are earlier

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10
Q

What protein and factor induces undifferentiated gonad to develop into testes?

A

SRY protein

TDF

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11
Q

Which cell has Mullerian inhibitory substance and transcription factor important in diff of these cells

A

Sertoli Cells

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12
Q

What cells produce testosterone?

A

Interstital cells

specifically leydig cells

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13
Q

What does testosterone promotes and what else does it do?

A

Development of wolffian ducts

also converts DHT by the enzyme 5alpha reductase which induces development of penis,scrotum and prostate

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14
Q

What isn’t produced in females for sexual differentiation?

What is produced to help repress testicular development

A

SRY protein isn’t produced

DAX-1

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15
Q

What is a true hermaphrodite?

A

Someone who has both tissues in the gonadal tissue

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16
Q

what is a pseudohermaphrodite?

A

They will have male gonadal tissue or female gonadal tissue respectively

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17
Q

How does a freemartin occur?

A

Female calves are born co-twin with a male calf. There is a mixing of blood via large bore anastomoses with placentas so both calves will be chimeras bc the stem cells are mixed.

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18
Q

Why does a free martin occur?

A

MIS is produced in varying amounts in the female calf so the oviducts/uterus/cervix/anterio vagina do not develop properly

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19
Q

Is there communication of the cranial and caudal portions of the vagina in freemartins?

A

No!!!

also the external genitalia is normal to hypoplastic

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20
Q

What breed of dog does XX Sex reversal occur in?

A

Cocker Spaniels

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21
Q

What happens in XX sex reversal

A

Gonadal sex does not follow chromosal sex. XX true hermaphrodites and XX males.

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22
Q

XX true hermaphrodites are?

A

partially masculinized females with ovatestes

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23
Q

What are male pseudohermaphrodites?

A

They have 10% testicular tissue. Their external genitalia is malformed and are cyptorchid aspermatogenic testis

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24
Q

Why do these animals have abnormal development?

A

it is associated with an insertion on chromosome 9 and downregulation of RSPO1 in dogs.

Decreased or loss of this function can cause female to male sex reversal

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25
Q

What spp does androgen insensitivity syndrome happen in?

A

Horses—male pseudohermaphrodites

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26
Q

What happens in Androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

There is no target organ receptor for testosterone so the wolffian ducts regress

external genitalia female. XY genotype SRY produced

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27
Q

What breed is persistent mullerian duct syndrome happen in?

A

Miniature schnauzers

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28
Q

What is the genotype and what happens in Persistant mullerian duct syndrome?

A

XY

50% have intra-abdominal testes

There is no functional MIS receptors bc of a mutation encoding for a premature stop codon in the MIS Type 2 receptor

They will have male external genitalia but oviducts, uterus, cervix and anterior vaginas

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29
Q

Who is uterine prolapses common in?

A

Cattle

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30
Q

What does uterine prolapse follow?

A

often follows dystocia

retained placentas

hypocalcemia

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31
Q

What are uterine ruptures associated with?

A

Pregnancy/parturition

Obstetrical manipulations

Prolongued dystocia, torsion

32
Q

What kind of stitch do you use for a uterine prolapse?

A

Buhner stitch

33
Q

Whats the name of the congenital disorder where a hyman without an opening completely obstructs the vagina

A

Imperforate hymen

34
Q

What can be caused by persistent Wolffian duct remnants and what can this cause

A

Gartners duct cyst

hyperestrogenism, infections

35
Q

What are the viruses that can cause inflammation of the vagina and vulva?

A

IPV

ECE

36
Q

What body part becomes cystic when its opening into the lateral wall of the vaginal vestibule becomes obstructed?

A

Cystic Bartholins Gland

37
Q

What are the common neoplasias of the vagina and vulva

A

Leiomyoma

TVT

Fibropapilloma

SCC

Melanoma

38
Q

What are the two groups of bovine mastitis

A

Contagious-bact that have the external surface oft he udder and teat lesions as their preferential home.

Environmental-bacteria from environment that contaminates the mammary gland

39
Q

What are the bacteria that causes contagious bovine mastitis

A

Strep agalactiae, dysgalactiae

Staph aureus

Mycoplasma

40
Q

In this acute type of mastitis you can see heremia/edema, strands and flecks of debris in milk and usually more than one quarter is invovled

A

Strep aglactiae

41
Q

Which strep is more severe?

A

aglactiae

42
Q

Which bact causes swollen, warm, edematous quarters

A

strep dysgalactiae

43
Q

Staph aureus is coagulase positive or negative?

A

Positive

44
Q

What causes varying virulences in stap mastitis

A

Depends on the virulence factors produced/possessed by the isolate of stap aureus invovled

45
Q

Can staph cause gangrenous mastitis

A

Yes-usually around calving

46
Q

Which bact causes nodules within the parenchyma

A

mycoplasma

47
Q

What are your environmental mastitis

A

Coliform
bacillus cereus

Step uberis

Coagulase negative staph

truepurella

48
Q

Endotoxins from coliforms acts on?

A

Vasculature-constriction.

49
Q

Are coagulase negative staphs hot?

A

no

50
Q

What is also called summer mastitis or dry cow mastitis?

A

trueperella

51
Q

What is the most common bacterial cause of mastitis?

A

trueperella

52
Q

What are the causes of mastitis in small ruminants

A

staph aureus

mannheimia

coliforms

mycoplasma

53
Q

Which bacteria causes mastitis close to the end of lactation

A

manheimia

54
Q

Which bacteria causes high fever, depression, lethary, elevated HR, during post-partum period, the endotoxic can cause shock which can lead to death

A

Coliforms

55
Q

Which bacteria causes mastitis mainly in goats?

A

Mycoplasma agalactiae

56
Q

Survivors of mycoplasma agalactiae can develop what? who is the bact common in again?

A

Goats

Ocular infections

arthritis

57
Q

Subclinical cases of mastitis in sm rum causes?

A

Hardbag

58
Q

What virus can cause mastitis in sm rum?

A

Visna maedi-Lentivirus

CAE-lentivirus

59
Q

Who does mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia occur in, and how can you fix this

A

Cats

young intact females one or several glands

spontaneous regression or spay

60
Q

Which two glands does mammary lobular hyperplasia occur in and who?

A

Caudal two glands

bitch

61
Q

Which spp primary has mammary adenomas/carcinomas

A

Dogs

62
Q

What are the tumors of the cryptorchid testes?

A

Sertoli cell tumors

Seminomas

63
Q

What could be a cause for testicular hypoplasia

A

Nutritional

Zinc deficiency

Chromosomal endocrine

64
Q

Testicular hypoplasia vs atrophy?

A

Epididymuis is also small

65
Q

Whats it called when animals have more than one cytogenetically distinct population of cells

A

Mosaics and

Chimeras

66
Q

Different cell types arise from th esame fertilized egg is a mosaic or chimera? What is their sex genetically

A

Mosaic

XXY

67
Q

Different cell types arise from different zygotes. Its a fusion of two fertilized ova or mixing of blood supplies in twining?

A

Chimera

68
Q

Male tortoise shell and male calicos are?

A

Klinefelters syndrome

69
Q

The gene for black and gene for orange are on different X chromosomes so a female cat may or may not have both colors under normal conditions. What inactivates?

A

X inactivation

70
Q

What can cause testicular atrophy?

A

Secondary to a variety of insults including trauma, partial loss of blood flow, degeneration, thermal

71
Q

whats the common cause of infertility

A

testicular degeneration

72
Q

What are some causes of thermal testicular degenerations

A

Cyrptorchid

Increased scrotal fat

scrotal lesions

environmental temps

adhesions

73
Q

What are some causes of testicular degeneration

A

Thermal

Infectious conditions

Nutritional deficiencies

Vascular lesions

Obstructive lesions

toxins

hormonal factors

74
Q

What does testicular degeneration look grossly and microscopically?

A

Grossly, smaller and firmer

Micro: Small seminiferous tubules containing small numbers of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, few to no mature sperm

75
Q

Inflammation of:

Testicles

epididymis

spermatichord

A

orchitidis

epididymitis

funucilitis

76
Q

What are the routes for orchiditis and what are some causes

A

Usually infectious agents

hematogenous

extension

retrograde*****

Path II (12 decks)

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