Female Repro Flashcards
What forms the male and female tubular reproductive organs?
Wolffian tubules/ducts and Mullerian ducts
What part of the primordial germ cells migrate in to form the ovary?
Cortex
What part of the primordial germ cells migrate in to form the testis?
Medulla
What does the wolffian tubule and ducts form in the male and
Mullerian ducts in the female?
Male: Epididymus,
ductus deferens,
seminal vesicles,
ampulla
Female: Oviducts, uterus, cervix, anterior vagina
What does the urogenital sinus form in the male and female
Prostate
bulbourethral glands
Caudal Vagina
What does the gential tuburcle form in the male and female
Penis
Clitoris
What does the genital folds form in the male and female
prepuce
Vulva
What do the genital swellings form?
Scrotum
Vulva
Do males or female differentiate early on?
Males are earlier
What protein and factor induces undifferentiated gonad to develop into testes?
SRY protein
TDF
Which cell has Mullerian inhibitory substance and transcription factor important in diff of these cells
Sertoli Cells
What cells produce testosterone?
Interstital cells
specifically leydig cells
What does testosterone promotes and what else does it do?
Development of wolffian ducts
also converts DHT by the enzyme 5alpha reductase which induces development of penis,scrotum and prostate
What isn’t produced in females for sexual differentiation?
What is produced to help repress testicular development
SRY protein isn’t produced
DAX-1
What is a true hermaphrodite?
Someone who has both tissues in the gonadal tissue
what is a pseudohermaphrodite?
They will have male gonadal tissue or female gonadal tissue respectively
How does a freemartin occur?
Female calves are born co-twin with a male calf. There is a mixing of blood via large bore anastomoses with placentas so both calves will be chimeras bc the stem cells are mixed.
Why does a free martin occur?
MIS is produced in varying amounts in the female calf so the oviducts/uterus/cervix/anterio vagina do not develop properly
Is there communication of the cranial and caudal portions of the vagina in freemartins?
No!!!
also the external genitalia is normal to hypoplastic
What breed of dog does XX Sex reversal occur in?
Cocker Spaniels
What happens in XX sex reversal
Gonadal sex does not follow chromosal sex. XX true hermaphrodites and XX males.
XX true hermaphrodites are?
partially masculinized females with ovatestes
What are male pseudohermaphrodites?
They have 10% testicular tissue. Their external genitalia is malformed and are cyptorchid aspermatogenic testis
Why do these animals have abnormal development?
it is associated with an insertion on chromosome 9 and downregulation of RSPO1 in dogs.
Decreased or loss of this function can cause female to male sex reversal
What spp does androgen insensitivity syndrome happen in?
Horses—male pseudohermaphrodites
What happens in Androgen insensitivity syndrome?
There is no target organ receptor for testosterone so the wolffian ducts regress
external genitalia female. XY genotype SRY produced
What breed is persistent mullerian duct syndrome happen in?
Miniature schnauzers
What is the genotype and what happens in Persistant mullerian duct syndrome?
XY
50% have intra-abdominal testes
There is no functional MIS receptors bc of a mutation encoding for a premature stop codon in the MIS Type 2 receptor
They will have male external genitalia but oviducts, uterus, cervix and anterior vaginas
Who is uterine prolapses common in?
Cattle
What does uterine prolapse follow?
often follows dystocia
retained placentas
hypocalcemia
What are uterine ruptures associated with?
Pregnancy/parturition
Obstetrical manipulations
Prolongued dystocia, torsion
What kind of stitch do you use for a uterine prolapse?
Buhner stitch
Whats the name of the congenital disorder where a hyman without an opening completely obstructs the vagina
Imperforate hymen
What can be caused by persistent Wolffian duct remnants and what can this cause
Gartners duct cyst
hyperestrogenism, infections
What are the viruses that can cause inflammation of the vagina and vulva?
IPV
ECE
What body part becomes cystic when its opening into the lateral wall of the vaginal vestibule becomes obstructed?
Cystic Bartholins Gland
What are the common neoplasias of the vagina and vulva
Leiomyoma
TVT
Fibropapilloma
SCC
Melanoma
What are the two groups of bovine mastitis
Contagious-bact that have the external surface oft he udder and teat lesions as their preferential home.
Environmental-bacteria from environment that contaminates the mammary gland
What are the bacteria that causes contagious bovine mastitis
Strep agalactiae, dysgalactiae
Staph aureus
Mycoplasma
In this acute type of mastitis you can see heremia/edema, strands and flecks of debris in milk and usually more than one quarter is invovled
Strep aglactiae
Which strep is more severe?
aglactiae
Which bact causes swollen, warm, edematous quarters
strep dysgalactiae
Staph aureus is coagulase positive or negative?
Positive
What causes varying virulences in stap mastitis
Depends on the virulence factors produced/possessed by the isolate of stap aureus invovled
Can staph cause gangrenous mastitis
Yes-usually around calving
Which bact causes nodules within the parenchyma
mycoplasma
What are your environmental mastitis
Coliform
bacillus cereus
Step uberis
Coagulase negative staph
truepurella
Endotoxins from coliforms acts on?
Vasculature-constriction.
Are coagulase negative staphs hot?
no
What is also called summer mastitis or dry cow mastitis?
trueperella
What is the most common bacterial cause of mastitis?
trueperella
What are the causes of mastitis in small ruminants
staph aureus
mannheimia
coliforms
mycoplasma
Which bacteria causes mastitis close to the end of lactation
manheimia
Which bacteria causes high fever, depression, lethary, elevated HR, during post-partum period, the endotoxic can cause shock which can lead to death
Coliforms
Which bacteria causes mastitis mainly in goats?
Mycoplasma agalactiae
Survivors of mycoplasma agalactiae can develop what? who is the bact common in again?
Goats
Ocular infections
arthritis
Subclinical cases of mastitis in sm rum causes?
Hardbag
What virus can cause mastitis in sm rum?
Visna maedi-Lentivirus
CAE-lentivirus
Who does mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia occur in, and how can you fix this
Cats
young intact females one or several glands
spontaneous regression or spay
Which two glands does mammary lobular hyperplasia occur in and who?
Caudal two glands
bitch
Which spp primary has mammary adenomas/carcinomas
Dogs
What are the tumors of the cryptorchid testes?
Sertoli cell tumors
Seminomas
What could be a cause for testicular hypoplasia
Nutritional
Zinc deficiency
Chromosomal endocrine
Testicular hypoplasia vs atrophy?
Epididymuis is also small
Whats it called when animals have more than one cytogenetically distinct population of cells
Mosaics and
Chimeras
Different cell types arise from th esame fertilized egg is a mosaic or chimera? What is their sex genetically
Mosaic
XXY
Different cell types arise from different zygotes. Its a fusion of two fertilized ova or mixing of blood supplies in twining?
Chimera
Male tortoise shell and male calicos are?
Klinefelters syndrome
The gene for black and gene for orange are on different X chromosomes so a female cat may or may not have both colors under normal conditions. What inactivates?
X inactivation
What can cause testicular atrophy?
Secondary to a variety of insults including trauma, partial loss of blood flow, degeneration, thermal
whats the common cause of infertility
testicular degeneration
What are some causes of thermal testicular degenerations
Cyrptorchid
Increased scrotal fat
scrotal lesions
environmental temps
adhesions
What are some causes of testicular degeneration
Thermal
Infectious conditions
Nutritional deficiencies
Vascular lesions
Obstructive lesions
toxins
hormonal factors
What does testicular degeneration look grossly and microscopically?
Grossly, smaller and firmer
Micro: Small seminiferous tubules containing small numbers of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, few to no mature sperm
Inflammation of:
Testicles
epididymis
spermatichord
orchitidis
epididymitis
funucilitis
What are the routes for orchiditis and what are some causes
Usually infectious agents
hematogenous
extension
retrograde*****
