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Path II > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Develops slowly from gradual loss of cardiac pumping efficiency associated with 2 things

A

CHF

associated with

Pressure or volume overload

Myocardial damage

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2
Q

Dyspnea
Intraalveolar hemorrhage
Fluid Retention

A

LHF

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3
Q

What are some common causes of LHF?

A

Loss of myocardial contractility (myocarditis, myocardial necrosis/ischemia, cardiomyopathy, hypertension)

dysfunction of mitral or aortic valves

congenital heart disease

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4
Q

When will you see a nutmeg liver, congestive splenomegaly, and possible jugular venuos distension
ascites, hydrothorax or a ventral sq edema(horses)

A

RHF

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5
Q

Common causes for RHF?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

cor pulmonale

left to right shunt

cardiomyopathy

Tricuspid and pulmonary valve dz

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6
Q

A lack of ATP to maintain relaxation of myofibrils is called?

A

Rigor Mortis

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7
Q

Which part of the heart becomes rigid with Rigor Mortis

A

Ventricular walls

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8
Q

How can you tell if the heart has gone through Rigor Mortis or had a myocardial dz?

A

LV empties before rigor so no blood clots

if you have a blood clot before rigor mortis-myocardial dz

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9
Q

How do we classify congenital anomalies of the heart

A

Failure of closure of shunts

failur of normal valvular development

malpositioning of great vessels

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10
Q

What are the anomalies from failure of closure of fetal shunts?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

atrial septal defect

ventricular septal defect

tetralogy of fallot

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11
Q

Which location do you find a VSD usually?

A

Subaortic

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12
Q

The failure to close the foramen ovale is what kind of defect?

A

Atrial septal defect

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13
Q

What are the 4 lesions of tetralogy of fallot?

A

Ventricular septal defect

Pulmonic stenosis

Dextroposed aorta

2ndary RV hypertrophy

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14
Q

What are the anomalies from failure of normal valvular development?

A

Pulmonic stenosis-dogs

subaortic stenosis- pigs, dogs

valvular hematomas-young ruminants

etc…..

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15
Q

Where along the pulmonary artery can you see stenosis

A

Supravalvular

valvular

subvalvular

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16
Q

What is a consequence of PS

A

2NDARY compensatory RV hypertrophy

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17
Q

What consequence does an aortic stenosis have?

A

2nday compensatory LV hypertrophy

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18
Q

Who is valvular hematomas common in? What does it cause?

A

Young Ruminants

It undergoes spontaneous regression and have no fx signifcance

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19
Q

What are some anomalies from malpositioning of great vessels?

A

PRAA

Transposition of the aorta and pulmonary artery

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20
Q

What causes a PRAA

A

The ligamentum arteriosum forms a vascular ring over the esophagus and can produce obstruction

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21
Q

What are some consequences of congential anomalies–3

A

Death

Gradual cardiac decompensation–> congestive failure

No clinical dz

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22
Q

What are some causes for a hemopericardium?

A 
Iatrogenic puncture
FB
Ruptured Vessel or chamber, infarction aneurysm, spontaneous atrial rupture
Parasites
Neoplasm rupture
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23
Q

What is a primary lesion that a hemopericardium can cause?

A

Compression of the heart-cardiac tamponade

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24
Q

What is the consequence of a hemopericardium

A

Cardiac failure from compression of atria and inability to fill the chambers

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25
Q

What are your two growth disturbances of the heart?

A

Atrophy-dilation

Hypertrophy

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26
Q

What are your 4 reactions to injury in the heart?

A

Growth disturbances

Sublethal injury

Lethal injury

Neoplasias

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27
Q

What are the 4 sublethal injurys we worry about?

A

Myocytolysis

Vacuolar degeneration

Serous Atrophy

Mineralization

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28
Q

What are some causes of myocardial necrosis?

A

Leukocyte invasion

Phagocytosis

Persistence of sarcolemmal tubes of basal lamina

severe damage

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29
Q

Lesion: gray wet gelatinous tissue

A

Serous atrophy of fat

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30
Q

Why can you get serous atrophy of fat?

A

P being anorexic, starved, cachexic

they will mobilize fat depots

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31
Q

Myofibrillar degen (myocytolysis) is a distinctive sublethal injury of _____?

A

cardiomyocytes

32
Q

What does myocytolysis look like?

A

Pale eosinophilic sarcoplasms**

lack cross striations*****

33
Q

What can cause myofibillar degen?

A

furazolidone toxicosis in birds

K deficiency in rats

34
Q

What causes hydropic degen? what else is this called?

A

Doxorubicin (ADRIAMYCIN) cardiotox. These product adria cells**

antiviral drugs **(mitochondrial swelling and disruption)

vacuolar degen

35
Q

What are some consequences of vacuolar degeneration

A

Chronic passive congestion, ascites, cardiac dilation

36
Q

Mineralization can be caused by?

A

Hereditary calcinosis in mice

cardiomyopathy in hamsters

Vit E/S deficiency in sheep and cattle

Vit D tox

Calcinogenic Plant toxicosis in cattle

Spontaneous myocardial calcification in aged rats and guinea pigs

37
Q

What are some causes of myocardial necrosis?

A

Ischemia

Nutritional Deficiency

Toxins

Metabolic dz

Secondary to neural injury (heart brain syndrome-excess in Catecholamine release)

GDV

Stress/overexertion/hemorrhagic shock

38
Q

Pale patches or streaks, often subendocardial and in papillary muscles

What else may you see?

A

Hyaline/Zenker’s necrosis/apoptosis

Yellow or white dry gritty areas of calcification

39
Q

What will you see histologically from Hyaline/Zenkers necrosis?

A

Swollen, hypereosinophilic fibers with loss of striations*****

basophilic granules

pyknotic nuclei

Leukocytic infiltration

fibrosis if chronic

40
Q

What are some causes of endocardial fibrosis and/or mineralizations?

A

Vit D poisoning

Manchester wasting disease

Chronic cardiac dilation

Cachexia -johnes dz

Chronic uremia

jet lesions

41
Q

What do the lesions of endocardial fibrosis and/or mineralization

A

Thick rough white areas on endocardium

42
Q

What is the cause of Valvular endocardiosis?

A

aging!!!

degradation of valve collagen

43
Q

What is the lesion for valvular endocardiosis

A

smooth, firm, thick valve cusps***

44
Q

What is the consequence of valvular endocardiosis?

A

THE MOST common cause of CHF in old dogs!!!!!!!!!!!!!***

45
Q

What are the 3 types of inflammation in the heart?

A

Pericarditis

Endocarditis

Myocarditis

46
Q

What are the three categories of lesions for pericarditis?

A

fibrinous

suppurative

granulomatous

47
Q

What are the lesions for fibrinous paricarditis?

A

yellow sheets and strands of fibrin on pericardial surface

BREAD AND BUTTER HEART

48
Q

what is the sequelae from fibrinous percarditis?

A

death from septicemia

recovery with adhesions or resolution of exudate

49
Q

What can cause suppurative pericarditis?

A

FB penetration

50
Q

Lesion: distended pericardial sac containing yellow to white pus, thick fibrous pericardium, fetid odor?

A

Suppurative pericarditis

51
Q

What is the sequele for suppurative pericarditis?

A

Death from septicemia

Chronic cardiac failure from constrictive pericarditis

52
Q

What are your portals of entry for endocarditis?

A

Hematogenous

Parasitic

Catheters

Uremia induced vascular damage

2ndary endocardial ulceration

53
Q

Lesion: Friable dry yellow “vegetations” on valve is?

A

Endocarditis

54
Q

Sequele of endocarditis?

A

Cardiac failure from valvular dysfunction

death from bacteremia

septic embolism

recovery

55
Q

Lesions of

endocarditis vs

endocardiosis

A

itis: friable, dry yellow
osis: smooth, nodular

56
Q

Myocarditis types?

A

Suppurative

necrotizing

hemorrhagic

lymphocytic

eosinophilic

57
Q

What viral agent cause myocarditis?

A

Canine Parvo

58
Q

What does clostridium chauvoei cause?

A

necrohemorrhagic myocarditis

aka blackleg

59
Q

What are a few protozoan that cause myocarditis?

A

Toxo
sarcocystosis
encephalitozoonosis

theileria

60
Q

Embolic dissemination of infective amterial fragments from _____ _____ lesions into coronary arterial tree?

A

vegetative endocarditis*****

61
Q

What are the two types of hypertrophy?

A

Eccentric

Concentric

62
Q

Which type of hypertrophy causes an increase in blood volume

A

eccentric

63
Q

which type of hypertrophy is from an increase in BP

A

concentric

64
Q

In eccentric hypertrophy the chamber dilation occurs as new sarcomeres are added in _____ to existing sarcomeres

A

in series

aka stretching

65
Q

in concentric hypertrophy wall thickness greatly increases as new sarcomeres are added in ____ to existing sarcomeres

A

in parallel

66
Q

What are some causes for eccentric hypertrophy?

A

hypervolemia

valvular insufficiency

septal defects

polycythemia

67
Q

What kind of HF is associated with brisket dz? and what other c/s with this dz

A

Right sided HF

chronic passive congestion of the liver

RV hypertrophy

68
Q

What dz in cats can cause LV hypertrophy?

A

Hyperthyroidism

functional thyroidal adenomatous

69
Q

What are the 3 idiopathic cardiomyopathies in cats?

A

Dilated

Hypertrophic

Restrictive

70
Q

What can cause dilated cardiomyopathy in cats?

A

Taurine deficiency

71
Q

What can cause restrictive cardiomyopathy in cats?

A

excessive moderator bands or LV endocardial fibrosis

72
Q

Where does a chemodectoma usually arise from?

A

aortic body

73
Q

Where are hemangiosarcomas usually found in the heart of a dog?

A

Right atrium

74
Q

If a race horse suddenly collapses, what are you suspecting?

A

Ruptured aorta

intrapericardial hemorrhage associated with hemorrhage

75
Q

Hardening of arteries is called?
Which artery is most commonly affected?
2 causes

A

Arteriosclerosis

Aorta

Age
turbulent blood flow

76
Q

Whats it called when there is intimal and medial lipid deposits in elastic and muscular arters

A

Atherosclerosis

77
Q

What is mineralizationg of the walls of elastic and muscular arteries?

A

Arterial medial calcification

Path II (12 decks)

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