Cardiovascular Flashcards by Jessica Large

Develops slowly from gradual loss of cardiac pumping efficiency associated with 2 things

CHF

associated with

Pressure or volume overload

Myocardial damage

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Dyspnea
Intraalveolar hemorrhage
Fluid Retention

LHF

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What are some common causes of LHF?

Loss of myocardial contractility (myocarditis, myocardial necrosis/ischemia, cardiomyopathy, hypertension)

dysfunction of mitral or aortic valves

congenital heart disease

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When will you see a nutmeg liver, congestive splenomegaly, and possible jugular venuos distension
ascites, hydrothorax or a ventral sq edema(horses)

RHF

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Common causes for RHF?

Pulmonary hypertension

cor pulmonale

left to right shunt

cardiomyopathy

Tricuspid and pulmonary valve dz

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A lack of ATP to maintain relaxation of myofibrils is called?

Rigor Mortis

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Which part of the heart becomes rigid with Rigor Mortis

Ventricular walls

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How can you tell if the heart has gone through Rigor Mortis or had a myocardial dz?

LV empties before rigor so no blood clots

if you have a blood clot before rigor mortis-myocardial dz

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How do we classify congenital anomalies of the heart

Failure of closure of shunts

failur of normal valvular development

malpositioning of great vessels

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What are the anomalies from failure of closure of fetal shunts?

Patent ductus arteriosus

atrial septal defect

ventricular septal defect

tetralogy of fallot

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Which location do you find a VSD usually?

Subaortic

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The failure to close the foramen ovale is what kind of defect?

Atrial septal defect

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What are the 4 lesions of tetralogy of fallot?

Ventricular septal defect

Pulmonic stenosis

Dextroposed aorta

2ndary RV hypertrophy

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What are the anomalies from failure of normal valvular development?

Pulmonic stenosis-dogs

subaortic stenosis- pigs, dogs

valvular hematomas-young ruminants

etc…..

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Where along the pulmonary artery can you see stenosis

Supravalvular

valvular

subvalvular

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What is a consequence of PS

2NDARY compensatory RV hypertrophy

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What consequence does an aortic stenosis have?

2nday compensatory LV hypertrophy

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Who is valvular hematomas common in? What does it cause?

Young Ruminants

It undergoes spontaneous regression and have no fx signifcance

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What are some anomalies from malpositioning of great vessels?

PRAA

Transposition of the aorta and pulmonary artery

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What causes a PRAA

The ligamentum arteriosum forms a vascular ring over the esophagus and can produce obstruction

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What are some consequences of congential anomalies–3

Death

Gradual cardiac decompensation–> congestive failure

No clinical dz

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What are some causes for a hemopericardium?

Iatrogenic puncture
FB
Ruptured Vessel or chamber, infarction aneurysm, spontaneous atrial rupture
Parasites
Neoplasm rupture

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What is a primary lesion that a hemopericardium can cause?

Compression of the heart-cardiac tamponade

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What is the consequence of a hemopericardium

Cardiac failure from compression of atria and inability to fill the chambers

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What are your two growth disturbances of the heart?

Atrophy-dilation Hypertrophy

What are your 4 reactions to injury in the heart?

Growth disturbances Sublethal injury Lethal injury Neoplasias

What are the 4 sublethal injurys we worry about?

Myocytolysis Vacuolar degeneration Serous Atrophy Mineralization

What are some causes of myocardial necrosis?

Leukocyte invasion Phagocytosis Persistence of sarcolemmal tubes of basal lamina severe damage

Lesion: gray wet gelatinous tissue

Serous atrophy of fat

Why can you get serous atrophy of fat?

P being anorexic, starved, cachexic they will mobilize fat depots

Myofibrillar degen (myocytolysis) is a distinctive sublethal injury of _____?

cardiomyocytes

What does myocytolysis look like?

Pale eosinophilic sarcoplasms**** lack cross striations*****

What can cause myofibillar degen?

furazolidone toxicosis in birds K deficiency in rats

What causes hydropic degen? what else is this called?

Doxorubicin (ADRIAMYCIN) cardiotox. These product adria cells**** antiviral drugs ****(mitochondrial swelling and disruption) vacuolar degen

What are some consequences of vacuolar degeneration

Chronic passive congestion, ascites, cardiac dilation

Mineralization can be caused by?

Hereditary calcinosis in mice cardiomyopathy in hamsters Vit E/S deficiency in sheep and cattle Vit D tox Calcinogenic Plant toxicosis in cattle Spontaneous myocardial calcification in aged rats and guinea pigs

What are some causes of myocardial necrosis?

Ischemia Nutritional Deficiency Toxins Metabolic dz Secondary to neural injury (heart brain syndrome-excess in Catecholamine release) GDV Stress/overexertion/hemorrhagic shock

Pale patches or streaks, often subendocardial and in papillary muscles What else may you see?

Hyaline/Zenker's necrosis/apoptosis Yellow or white dry gritty areas of calcification

What will you see histologically from Hyaline/Zenkers necrosis?

Swollen, hypereosinophilic fibers with loss of striations***** basophilic granules pyknotic nuclei Leukocytic infiltration fibrosis if chronic

What are some causes of endocardial fibrosis and/or mineralizations?

Vit D poisoning Manchester wasting disease Chronic cardiac dilation Cachexia -johnes dz Chronic uremia jet lesions

What do the lesions of endocardial fibrosis and/or mineralization

Thick rough white areas on endocardium

What is the cause of Valvular endocardiosis?

aging!!! degradation of valve collagen

What is the lesion for valvular endocardiosis

smooth, firm, thick valve cusps***

What is the consequence of valvular endocardiosis?

THE MOST common cause of CHF in old dogs!!!!!!!!!!!!!*******

What are the 3 types of inflammation in the heart?

Pericarditis Endocarditis Myocarditis

What are the three categories of lesions for pericarditis?

fibrinous suppurative granulomatous

What are the lesions for fibrinous paricarditis?

yellow sheets and strands of fibrin on pericardial surface BREAD AND BUTTER HEART

what is the sequelae from fibrinous percarditis?

death from septicemia recovery with adhesions or resolution of exudate

What can cause suppurative pericarditis?

FB penetration

Lesion: distended pericardial sac containing yellow to white pus, thick fibrous pericardium, fetid odor?

Suppurative pericarditis

What is the sequele for suppurative pericarditis?

Death from septicemia Chronic cardiac failure from constrictive pericarditis

What are your portals of entry for endocarditis?

Hematogenous Parasitic Catheters Uremia induced vascular damage 2ndary endocardial ulceration

Lesion: Friable dry yellow "vegetations" on valve is?

Endocarditis

Sequele of endocarditis?

Cardiac failure from valvular dysfunction death from bacteremia septic embolism recovery

Lesions of endocarditis vs endocardiosis

itis: friable, dry yellow osis: smooth, nodular

Myocarditis types?

Suppurative necrotizing hemorrhagic lymphocytic eosinophilic

What viral agent cause myocarditis?

Canine Parvo

What does clostridium chauvoei cause?

necrohemorrhagic myocarditis aka blackleg

What are a few protozoan that cause myocarditis?

Toxo sarcocystosis encephalitozoonosis theileria

Embolic dissemination of infective amterial fragments from _____ _____ lesions into coronary arterial tree?

vegetative endocarditis*****

What are the two types of hypertrophy?

Eccentric Concentric

Which type of hypertrophy causes an increase in blood volume

eccentric

which type of hypertrophy is from an increase in BP

concentric

In eccentric hypertrophy the chamber dilation occurs as new sarcomeres are added in _____ to existing sarcomeres

in series aka stretching

in concentric hypertrophy wall thickness greatly increases as new sarcomeres are added in ____ to existing sarcomeres

in parallel

What are some causes for eccentric hypertrophy?

hypervolemia valvular insufficiency septal defects polycythemia

What kind of HF is associated with brisket dz? and what other c/s with this dz

Right sided HF chronic passive congestion of the liver RV hypertrophy

What dz in cats can cause LV hypertrophy?

Hyperthyroidism functional thyroidal adenomatous

What are the 3 idiopathic cardiomyopathies in cats?

Dilated Hypertrophic Restrictive

What can cause dilated cardiomyopathy in cats?

Taurine deficiency

What can cause restrictive cardiomyopathy in cats?

excessive moderator bands or LV endocardial fibrosis

Where does a chemodectoma usually arise from?

aortic body

Where are hemangiosarcomas usually found in the heart of a dog?

Right atrium

If a race horse suddenly collapses, what are you suspecting?

Ruptured aorta intrapericardial hemorrhage associated with hemorrhage

Hardening of arteries is called? Which artery is most commonly affected? 2 causes

Arteriosclerosis Aorta Age turbulent blood flow

Whats it called when there is intimal and medial lipid deposits in elastic and muscular arters

Atherosclerosis

What is mineralizationg of the walls of elastic and muscular arteries?

Arterial medial calcification